Geomorphic formation and crustal stress evolution mechanism in the Longmenshan fault zone and its adjacent regions
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摘要: 以龙门山附近区域水平运动特性以及深部岩体力学特性为基本条件，采用FLAC模拟软件计算分析了龙门山断裂带及附近区域的地貌形成过程和地应力演化机制。研究结果认为：区域板块运动是龙门山地貌形成的重要原因，龙门山3条断层在62万年内的相对滑移速率分别为1.53，0.245和0.458 mm/a，与实际监测结果基本吻合；龙门山断裂带左侧呈抬升趋势，右侧四川盆地的垂向运动保持稳定；随着区域板块的运动，3条断裂带附近主应力的变化均经历了3个阶段，即应力低态稳定阶段，应力增高阶段和应力高态稳定阶段，最终形成应力积聚—应力释放的平衡局面；断裂带附近的最大、最小主应力比值介于2.94—3.71之间，平均为3.3，与实际监测结果基本吻合。由此可以推断，龙门山及附近区域将长期处于高偏应力环境，即长期处于“应力累积—进入临界状态—发震—新的应力累积”的地震周期。Abstract: Took Longmenshan regional kinematic characteristics and mechanical characteris-tics of deep rock mass as basic condition, we used FLAC simulation software to analyze geomorphic process of Longmenshan fault and the crustal stress evolution mechanism of its adjacent area. The results show that regional plate motion was the important reason of the Longmen- shan landforms formation, and the relative slip velocities of three faults in Longmenshan are 1.53, 0.245 and 0.458 mm/a respectively, which basically coincide with the actual monitoring results. The left region of Longmenshan fault zone is uplifted, while the right region that is the Sichuan basin remains stable. With the regional plate motion, there are three stages in the development of principal stress near the fault zone, which are the low-state stability stage, the increase stage and the high-state stability stage, and balance of stress accumulation-stress release is finally formed. The ratio of maximum and minimum principal stress near the fault zone is in a range of 2.94—3.71, and the average value is 3.3, basically coincide with the actual monitoring results. The following conjecture can be obtained that Longmenshan fault and its vicinity area will be in a high deviatoric stress environment for a long time, and will under the seismic period of " stress accumulation-entering the critical state-earthquake generation-new stress accumulation” for a long time.
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图 1 龙门山断裂带活动断裂空间分布图（引自付碧宏等，2008）
Figure 1. Active faults distribution in Longmenshan fault zone （after Fu et al，2008）
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图 2 龙门山附近区域地形地貌剖面图（引自颜照坤等，2014）
Figure 2. Topographic profile of Longmenshan adjacent regions （after Yan et al，2014）
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图 3 龙门山断裂带数值计算模型图。圆点及数字表示主应力追踪测点及编号
Figure 3. Numerical model of Longmenshan fault zone. Dots and figures represent principal stress tracking points and numbers
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图 6 14 km （a—c）和21 km （d—f）深处断层附近的主应力变化曲线
Figure 6. Variation curves of principal stress near fault at 14 km （a−c） and 21 km （d−f） depth
表 1 主应力追踪测点的坐标
Table 1 Coordinate of principal stress tracking points
测点编号 水平位置/km 深度/km 测点编号 水平位置/km 深度/km 1 86.10 0.7 10 113.25 14 2 86.50 0.7 11 129.44 14 3 117.70 0.7 12 133.77 14 4 120.40 0.7 13 67.66 21 5 137.12 0.7 14 74.03 21 6 138.72 0.7 15 100.10 21 7 74.83 14 16 106.00 21 8 81.00 14 17 121.40 21 9 106.80 14 18 127.80 21 注：水平位置即测点距模型左边界的距离。 
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表 2 模型岩体物理力学参数
Table 2 Physico-mechanical parameters for rock mass of the numerical model
弹性模量/GPa 抗拉强
度/MPa内聚
力/MPa摩擦
角/°泊松比 密度/（103 kg·m−3） 重力加速
度/（m·s−2）断层面 地表 底部 地表 底部 法向刚度/GPa 切向刚度/GPa 摩擦角/° 40 106 12 16 35 0.286 2.575 2.809 9.8 1 0.5 10
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表 3 模型测点的主应力值
Table 3 Principal stress values of model tracking points
测点 σmin/MPa σmax/MPa σmax/σmin 测点 σmin/MPa σmax/MPa σmax/σmin 7 188 696 3.71 13 249 886 3.56 8 248 728 2.94 14 327 992 3.03 9 179 625 3.49 15 276 916 3.31 10 199 633 3.19 16 282 887 3.14 11 165 594 3.59 17 263 851 3.24 12 187 618 3.31 18 286 902 3.15
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表 4 龙门山断裂带地应力测量值
Table 4 Measurement values of crustal stress for Longmenshan fault zone
钻孔名称 深度/m σmax/MPa σmin/MPa σmax/σmin 江油-1 178 11.26 4.73 2.38 江油-2 195 6.55 5.17 1.27 江油-3 193 15.91 5.11 3.11 平武-1 439 37.55 11.63 3.23 盘龙-1 323 33.12 8.56 3.87 康定-1 185 16.61 4.91 3.38 注：数据参考陈群策等 （2012）和秦向辉等 （2013）。
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