汶川地震和芦山地震的孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性研究

林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭

林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭. 2018: 汶川地震和芦山地震的孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性研究. 地震学报, 40(3): 279-290. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180024
引用本文: 林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭. 2018: 汶川地震和芦山地震的孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性研究. 地震学报, 40(3): 279-290. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180024
Lin Banghui, Chen Zu’an, Bai Wuming, Cheng Xu. 2018: Seismogenic mechanism and the intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 40(3): 279-290. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180024
Citation: Lin Banghui, Chen Zu’an, Bai Wuming, Cheng Xu. 2018: Seismogenic mechanism and the intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 40(3): 279-290. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180024

汶川地震和芦山地震的孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性研究

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41090291)资助
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    林邦慧: banghuil@163.com

  • 中图分类号: P315.01

Seismogenic mechanism and the intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes

  • 摘要: 运用非连续变形分析法与三维有限元法相结合的方法,以GPS资料作为位移速率和震源机制的约束条件,通过数值模拟研究了青藏高原及其东侧邻区构造地块的运动、变形、相互作用及其与近30年来发生于该区的大地震之间的关系。研究中引入了以应力与摩擦强度的比值定义的断层“失稳危险度”,通过数值模拟计算得到了研究区地壳块体边界断层的失稳危险度分布。结果表明,失稳危险度高的地段与近期该区发生的MS≥7.0地震所在的位置基本一致,其中龙门山断裂带上包括汶川和芦山大地震的发震断层均为失稳危险度最高值地区。计算得到的应变率强度分布图显示,青藏高原东部边缘整条地带均为应变率强度的陡变带,特别是以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显,其西侧应变率强度为东侧的近4倍,而且,这个带位于宽度相同、走向与龙门山断裂带走向相一致的高应变能密度带中,表明这两次大地震前,作为其发震断层的龙门山断裂带已积累了相当高的应变能,失稳危险度高,处于力学上的不稳定状态。模拟计算得到在上地壳层中,2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震引起汶川、芦山地震发震断层的库仑破裂应力增加约0.016 MPa,相当于龙门山断裂带约两年的应力积累,也就是说,使汶川、芦山地震发震断层的失稳破裂提前了约两年。 此外,关于2008年汶川MS8.0地震的模拟计算表明,汶川地震的发生也使包括芦山地震发震断层的龙门山断裂带西南段和东昆仑断裂带东南端的库仑破裂应力增大,应变能积累增强,这说明汶川MS8.0地震的发生对已处于失稳危险度较高状态的2013年芦山地震和2017年九寨沟地震发震断层的提前失稳破裂起到了促进作用。
    Abstract: The 3D finite element method (FEM) and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) were combined , with constraints from GPS data and focal mechanisms, to simulate numerically the movement, deformation and interaction of the tectonic blocks system of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its vicinity, and their correlation with the occurrence of the recent MS≥7.0 earthquakes in this area. An " instability risk factor”, defined as the ratio of the normal stress to the friction strength, was introduced to characterize the degree of the instability risk on the boundary faults of the tectonic blocks in the studied region. The simulation shows the spatial coincidence between the segments of the boundary faults of the tectonic blocks with higher instability risk factors and the locations of the recent significant earthquakes in the studied areas. Particularly, the Longmenshan fault zone, where the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes occurred, is the fault zone with high instability risk factor. The calculation results indicate that the eastern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is a fault zone of steepest strain-rate with strain-rate in the west side four times as high as that in the east side. Meanwhile, it is found that the eastern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is also a high strain-energy zone with same trend and width as the Longmenshan fault zone. These results indicate that before the occurrence of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes, relative high strain energy have already accumulated in the seismogenic fault of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and these seismogenic faults have been in highly instability state mechanically. It is estimated that the occurrence of the 2001 western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake increased the Coulomb failure stress by about 0.16 MPa, a value corresponding to two years stress accumulation on the seismogenic fault, thus promoting the occurrence of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes two years in advance. Based on the simulations after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes, it is found that the occurrence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake increased the Coulomb failure stress in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and southeastern segment of the eastern Kunlun fault zone, which indicates that the occurrence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has promoted the occurrence of 2013 Lushan earthquake and the 2018 Jiuzhaigou earthquake.
  • 图  1   我国大陆地区构造块体及1988年以来MS≥6.9地震震中分布图

    Figure  1.   Distribution of tectonic blocks and MS≥6.9 earthquakes since 1988

    图  2   研究区构造块体模型图(a)和龙门山断裂带上汶川MS8.0地震发震断层的三维示意图(b)(引自陈祖安等,2011

    Figure  2.   Tectonic block system model used in this study (a) and 3D schematic diagram of the seismogenic faults of the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on the Longmenshan fault zone (b) (after Chen et al,2011

    图  3   由数值模拟计算得到的研究区地表速度场(a)和上地壳层震源机制(b)分布图(引自陈祖安等,2009)

    Figure  3.   Distributions of the ground surface velocity calculated (a) and the focal mechanism of upper crust (b) in the study area (after Chen et al,2009)

    图  4   研究区上地壳(a)和中地壳(b)构造块体边界断层上的失稳危险度分布

    1. 1990年共和MS6.9地震;2. 1997年玛尼MS7.9地震;3. 2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震;4. 2008年汶川MS8.0地震;5. 2013年芦山MS7.0地震;6. 2014年于田MS7.3地震;7. 2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震

    Figure  4.   Distribution of instability risk factor of boundary faults between tectonic blocks of upper crust (a) and lower crust (b) in the studied area

    1. MS6.9 Gonghe earthquake in 1990;2. MS7.9 Mani earthquake in 1997;3. MS8.1 western Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake in 2001;4. MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008;5. MS7.0 Lushan earthquake in 2013;6. MS7.3 Yutian earthquake in 2014;7. MS7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in 2017

    图  5   研究区上地壳(上)和中地壳(下)应变率强度分布图(左)及其等值线图(右)(引自陈祖安等,2009)

    Figure  5.   Distribution of strain-rate intensity (left) and contours of strain-rate (right) of the upper crust layer (upper) and the middle crust layer (lower) in the studied area (after Chen et al,2009)

    图  6   研究区上地壳(上)、中地壳(下)应变能密度分布图(左)及其等值线图(右)(引自陈祖安等,2009

    Figure  6.   Distribution of strain energy-density (left) and contours of strain energy-density (right) of the upper crust layer (upper) and the middle crust layer (lower) in the studied area (afterChen et al,2009

    图  7   昆仑山口西MS8.1地震对青藏高原及邻近地区上地壳(a)和中地壳(b)各块体边界断层上库仑破裂应力的影响(引自陈祖安等,2011)

    Figure  7.   The influence of the 2001 western Kunlun Mountain Pass MS8.1 earthquake on the Coulomb failure stress of the boundary faults of the tectonic blocks of upper crust (a) and middle crust (b) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its vicinity (after Chen et al,2011)

    图  8   汶川地震的发生对青藏高原及邻近地区上地壳(a)和中地壳(b)各块体边界断层库仑破裂应力的影响(修改自陈祖安等,2011

    Figure  8.   The influence of the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake on the Coulomb failure stress of the boundary faults of the tectonic blocks of upper crust (a) and middle crust (b) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its vicinity (modified from Chen et al,2011

  • 白武明, 林邦慧, 陈祖安. 2003. 1976年唐山大震发生对华北地区各地块运动与变形影响的数值模拟研究[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 33(增刊): 99-107.

    Bai W M, Lin B H, Chen Z A. 2003. Numerical simulations of deformation and movement of blocks within North China in response to 1976 Tangshan earthquake[J]. Science in China: Series D, 46(S2): 141-152.

    陈运泰, 许力生, 张勇, 杜海林, 冯万鹏, 刘超, 李春来, 张红霞. 2008. 2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分析报告[R/OL]. [2017–12–24]. http://www.csi.ac.cn/manage/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf.

    Chen Y T, Xu L S, Zhang Y, Du H L, Feng W P, Liu C, Li C L, Zhang H X. 2008. Report of the Source Rupture Process Analysis of the 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake[R/OL]. [2017–12–24]. http://www.csi.ac.cn/manage/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf (in Chinese).

    陈运泰, 杨智娴, 张勇, 刘超. 2013. 从汶川地震到芦山地震[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 43(6): 1064-1072.

    Chen Y T, Yang Z X, Zhang Y, Liu C. 2013. From 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to 2013 Lushan earthquake[J]. Scientia Sinica Terrae, 2013, 43(6): 1064-1072 (in Chinese).

    陈祖安, 林邦慧, 白武明. 2008. 1997年玛尼地震发生对青藏川滇地区构造块体系统稳定性影响的三维DDA+FEM方法数值模拟[J]. 地球物理学报, 51(5): 1422-1430.

    Chen Z A, Lin B H, Bai W M. 2008. 3-D numerical simulation on influence of 1997 Mani earthquake occurrence to stability of tectonic blocks system in Qingzang and Chuandian zone using DDA+FEM method[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(5): 1422-1430 (in Chinese).

    陈祖安, 林邦慧, 白武明, 程旭, 王运生. 2009. 2008年汶川8.0级地震孕震机理研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(2): 408-417.

    Chen Z A, Lin B H, Bai W M, Cheng X, Wang Y S. 2009. The mechanism of generation of May 12, 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(2): 408-417 (in Chinese).

    陈祖安, 林邦慧, 白武明, 程旭, 王运生. 2011. 2001年8.1级昆仑山大震破裂过程及对2008年汶川8.0级大震孕育发生影响的研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 54(1): 108-120.

    Chen Z A, Lin B H, Bai W M, Cheng X, Wang Y S. 2011. A study on the rupture process of the 2001 MS8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake and its influence on pregnant process and occurrence of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(1): 108-120 (in Chinese).

    林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭. 2012. 2008年汶川大震前龙门山断裂带的中长期地震危险[G]//王子昌先生诞辰百年纪念文集. 北京: 北京大学出版社: 71–79.

    Lin B H, Chen Z A, Bai W M, Cheng X. 2012. The intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks of the Longmenshan fracture belt before the 2008 Wenchuan great earthquake[G]//Selected Papers in Memory of Mr. Wang Zichangs Centennial. Beijing: Peking University Press: 71–79 (in Chinese).

    林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭. 2014. 2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性的研究[G]//中国大陆地球内部物理学与动力学研究: 庆贺滕吉文院士从事地球物理学研究60周年. 北京: 科学出版社: 828–835.

    Lin B H, Chen Z A, Bai W M, Cheng X. 2014. A study on seismogenic mechanism of April 20, 2013 Lushan MS7.0 earthquake and the intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks before its occurrence[G]//The Study on Physics and Dynamics in Earth Interior of China Continent: Congratulate Academician Teng Jiwen Engaged in Geophysical Research 60th Anniversary. Beijing: Science Press: 825–835 (in Chinese).

    林邦慧, 陈祖安, 白武明, 程旭. 2016. 汶川, 芦山大震孕震机理及震前中长期地震危险性的研究[Z]. 地震预测咨询通讯, (6): 156–162.

    Lin B H, Chen Z A, Bai W M, Cheng X. 2016. A study on seismogenic mechanism of Lushan great earthquake and the intermediate- and long-term earthquake risks before its occurrence[Z]. Communication Consulting of Earthquake Prediction, (6): 156–162 (in Chinese).

    石根华. 1997. 数值流形方法与非连续变形分析[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社: 1–209.

    Shi G H. 1997. Numerical Manifold Method and Discontinuous Deformation Analysis[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press: 1–209 (in Chinese).

    滕吉文, 白登海, 杨辉, 闫雅芬, 张洪双, 张永谦, 阮小敏. 2008. 2008汶川MS8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应[J]. 地球物理学报, 51(5): 1385-1402.

    Teng J W, Bai D H, Yang H, Yan Y F, Zhang H S, Zhang Y Q, Ruan X M. 2008. Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake of 2008[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(5): 1385-1402 (in Chinese).

    万永革, 沈正康, 盛书中, 徐晓枫. 2009. 2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响[J]. 地震学报, 31(2): 128-139.

    Wan Y G, Shen Z K, Sheng S Z, Xu X F. 2009. The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 31(2): 128-139 (in Chinese).

    王仁, 孙荀英, 蔡永恩. 1982. 华北地区近700年地震序列的数学模拟[J]. 中国科学: B辑, 12(8): 745—753.

    Wang R, Sun X Y, Cai Y E. 1982. Numerical simulation on sequence of about 700 earthquakes in the northern China[J]. Science in China: Series B, 12(8): 745—753.

    王卫民, 赵连锋, 李娟, 姚振兴. 2008. 四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程[J]. 地球物理学报, 51(5): 1403-1410.

    Wang W M, Zhao L F, Li J, Yao Z X. 2008. Rupture process of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(5): 1403-1410 (in Chinese).

    王阎昭, 王恩宁, 沈正康, 王敏, 甘卫军, 乔学军, 孟国杰, 李铁明, 陶玮, 杨永林, 程佳, 李鹏. 2008. 基于GPS资料约束反演川滇地区主要断裂现今活动速率[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 38(5): 582—597.

    Wang Y Z, Wang E N, Shen Z K, Wang M, Gan W J, Qiao X J, Meng G J, Li T M, Tao W, Yang Y L, Cheng J, Li P. 2008. GPS constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region, China[J]. Science in China: Series D, 51(9): 1267—1283.

    许力生, 陈运泰. 2004. 从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山大地震时空破裂过程[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 34(3): 256-264.

    Xu L S, Chen Y T. 2004. An inversion of space-time rupture process of November 14, 2001 Kulunshan great earthquake from data of global full waveform with long period[J]. Science in China: Series D, 34(3): 256-264 (in Chinese).

    许忠淮. 2001. 东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制[J]. 地震学报, 23(5): 492-501.

    Xu Z H. 2001. A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 23(5): 492-501 (in Chinese).

    张培震, 邓起东, 张国民, 马瑾, 甘卫军, 闵伟, 毛凤英, 王琪. 2003. 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J]. 中国科学: D辑, 33(增刊): 12-20.

    Zhang P Z, Deng Q D, Zhang G M, Ma J, Gan W J, Min W, Mao F Y, Wang Q. 2003. Active tectonic blocks and strong earth-quakes in the continent of China[J]. Science in China: Series D, 46(S2): 13–24.

    张勇, 冯万鹏, 许力生, 周成虎, 陈运泰. 2008. 2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J]. 中国科学: D 辑, 38(10): 1186-1194.

    Zhang Y, Feng W P, Xu L S, Zhou C H, Chen Y T. 2008. Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Science in China: Series D, 52(2): 145-154.

    Cai Y, He T, Wang R. 2000. Numerical simulation of dynamic process of the Tangshan earthquake by a new method: LDDA[J]. Pure Appl Geophys, 157(11/12): 2083-2104.

    Chen Z A, Lin B H, Bai W M, Cheng X, Wang Y S. 2011. A study on the influence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonic block system[J]. Tectonophysics, 510(1/2): 94-103.

    Perić D, Owen D R J. 1992. Computational model for 3-D contact problems with friction based on the penalty method[J]. Int J Num Mech Eng, 35(6): 1289-1309.

    Zienkiewicz O C, Taylor R L, Fox D D. 2009. The Finite Element Method for Solid and Structural Mechanics[M]. Singapore: Elsevier: 1–631.

  • 期刊类型引用(11)

    1. 梁珍,乔国文,李治财,王涛,赵龙,曾召田. 中天山花岗岩深埋隧道高地应力测试及工程影响分析. 现代隧道技术. 2024(S1): 332-341 . 百度学术
    2. 李艳永,王成虎,朱皓清,乌尼尔. 北天山地区震源机制与构造应力场特征. 地震. 2020(02): 117-129 . 百度学术
    3. 刘兆才,万永革,黄骥超,靳志同,杨帆,李瑶. 2017年精河M_S6.6地震邻区构造应力场特征与发震断层性质的厘定. 地球物理学报. 2019(04): 1336-1348 . 百度学术
    4. 李艳永,王成虎,杨佳佳. 呼图壁地区震源机制解及构造应力场特征分析. 大地测量与地球动力学. 2018(12): 1246-1250 . 百度学术
    5. 万永革. 联合采用定性和定量断层资料的应力张量反演方法及在乌鲁木齐地区的应用. 地球物理学报. 2015(09): 3144-3156 . 百度学术
    6. 孙业君,刘红桂,江昊琳,詹小艳,王俊菲,丁烨,叶碧文. 江苏南部地区现今震源机制和应力场特征. 地震研究. 2015(02): 203-210 . 百度学术
    7. 刘旭东,孙秉成,荣海. 乌东矿区地质断裂构造对冲击地压的影响. 内蒙古煤炭经济. 2015(06): 205-207 . 百度学术
    8. 丁亮,高尔根,孙守才,邓晓果,刘骁. 天山活动地块地震的震源机制. 防灾科技学院学报. 2014(02): 42-48 . 百度学术
    9. 蓝航. 近直立特厚两煤层同采冲击地压机理及防治. 煤炭学报. 2014(S2): 308-315 . 百度学术
    10. 郑建常,王鹏,李冬梅,赵金花,徐长朋. 使用小震震源机制解研究山东地区背景应力场. 地震学报. 2013(06): 773-784 . 本站查看
    11. 黄龙现,杨天鸿,李现光,郑超. 地应力场方向对巷道围岩稳定性的影响. 中国矿业. 2012(04): 105-107+118 . 百度学术

    其他类型引用(6)

图(8)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  1953
  • HTML全文浏览量:  1339
  • PDF下载量:  143
  • 被引次数: 17
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2018-02-13
  • 修回日期:  2018-03-13
  • 网络出版日期:  2018-04-10
  • 发布日期:  2018-04-30

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回