Fault parameters and rupture process of the Jinghe MS6.6 earthquake in 2017
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摘要: 利用远震资料、近场强震资料和合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变资料确定了2017年8月9日精河MS6.6地震的断层面参数及震源破裂细节。为得到可靠的断层几何参数,发展了一套基于InSAR数据滑动分布反演的三维格点搜索流程,对本次地震断层面的走向、倾角和震源深度进行了格点搜索。结果显示,地震断层面走向为95°,倾角为47°,震源深度为14 km。基于搜索得到的断层模型进行破裂过程联合反演的结果显示:精河MS6.6地震为一次单侧破裂事件,最大滑动量约为0.8 m,滑动区域集中在断层面上震源以西5—15 km,沿倾向15—25 km,破裂主要发生在10 km深度以下区域。断层面上的平均滑动角为106°。整个破裂过程释放的标量地震矩为3.6×1018 N·m,对应矩震级为MW6.3。破裂过程持续约9 s,期间的破裂速度约为2.1—2.6 km/s。由于地震破裂主要集中在10 km以下,未来可能需要关注该区域0—10 km发生潜在地震的可能性。
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关键词:
- 2017年精河MS6.6地震 /
- 断层几何参数 /
- 震源破裂过程 /
- 联合反演
Abstract: We estimated the fault geometrical parameters and source rupture details of the Jinghe MS6.6 earthquake on August 9, 2017 by inverting teleseismic, near-field strong-motion and InSAR data. In order to determine the fault geometrical parameters, we conducted a 3-D grid search process by performing geodetic slip inversions with InSAR data, and found theoptimal values of fault strike, dip and hypocentral depth to be 95°, 47° and 14 km, respectively. Joint inversion of rupture process based on the searched fault model shows a unilateral rupture model with a maximum slip of 0.8 m. Slips mainly concentrate between 5−15 km to the west of the hypocenter, and 15−25 km along down-dip direction. Most ruptures occurred beneath 10 km depth. The average rake angle is about 106°, suggesting a purely thrust event of the earthquake. The obtained seismic scalar moment is 3.6×1018 N·m, equivalent to a magnitude of MW6.3. The rupture duration is about 9 s, in which the rupture propagated with the velocity of 2.1−2.6 km/s. Attention to occurrence of earthquakes above 10 km depth in this area may be required, as most ruptures of this earthquake occurred beneath 10 km depth. -
根据美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey,缩写为USGS)国家地震信息中心(National Earthquake Information Centre,缩写为NEIC)的测定,2020年6月23日15时29分04秒(UTC),墨西哥南部瓦哈卡州发生了一次矩震级MW7.4的地震,NEIC初步确定的震中(preliminary determination epicenter, 缩写为PDE)位于(15.916 3°N,95.953 3°W),震源深度为20 km。美国地质调查局(USGS,2020)和全球矩心矩张量组(GCMT,2020)随后发布了这次地震的矩心矩张量解(表1)。根据USGS (2020)发布的地震目录,在该主震发生后的48小时内发生了9次较大余震,其中最大余震震级达到MW5.4,5次事件深达35 km。
表 1 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震矩心矩张量解的比较Table 1. Comparison of the centroid moment tensor solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutions机构 矩张量/(1020 N·m) 矩心参数 Mrr Mtt Mpp Mrt Mrp Mtp τc/s 北纬/° 西经/° 矩心深度/km GCMT (2020) 0.729 −0.737 0.008 1.220 −0.712 0.200 7.0 16.04 96.06 20 USGS (2020)(W震相) 0.731 −0.752 0.020 1.104 −0.479 0.168 13.2 15.93 95.90 21.5 USGS (2020)(体波反演) 0.527 −0.544 0.017 0.504 −0.289 0.101 − 16.04 95.90 32 本文 0.700 −0.789 0.089 0.825 −0.491 0.218 8.0 15.96 95.89 22 类似于上述两个组织的工作(Dziewonski et al,1981;Kanamori,Rivera,2008;Duputel et al,2012;Ekström et al,2012),我们收集了震中距处于32.5°—88.9°范围内全球地震台网(Global Seismograph Network,缩写为GSN)和数字地震台网联盟(International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks,缩写为FDSN)的42个台站的长周期垂直分量数据,基于AK135模型计算格林函数(Wang,1999),利用我们自主研发的反演软件(张喆,许力生,2020),通过反演0.01—0.05 Hz频带内的P波波形得到了这次地震的矩心矩张量解。根据反演结果(图1),矩心时间为8 s,矩心震中位于(15.96°N,95.89°W),矩心深度为22 km,标量地震矩为1.24×1024 N·m,相当于MW7.4。基于矩心矩张量解(表1,图2),我们也求得了相应的最佳双力偶解(图2,表2),最佳双力偶成分占97%。最后,我们利用反演结果计算了合成波形,并与观测波形进行了比较,结果如图3所示,可见二者之间的相关系数平均值达到0.93,大多数台站的相关系数在0.90以上,均方根误差达1.33×10−5 m。
图 1 矩心矩张量反演过程(a) 矩心时间搜索;(b) 矩心搜索;(c) 矩心深度搜索;(d) PDE位置(灰色)和矩心位置(红色)反演得到的矩张量解Figure 1. Inversion process of the centroid moment tensor(a) Search for the centroid time;(b) Search for the centroid;(c) Search for the centroid depth; (d) The moment tensor solutions at the PDE (gray) and centroid (red) locations表 2 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震的最佳双偶解Table 2. The best double-couple solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutes机构 标量地震矩
/(1020 N·m)双力偶成分
占比节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° GCMT (2020) 1.600 100% 270 16 62 118 76 97 USGS (2020)(W震相) 1.423 96% 271 17 70 112 74 96 USGS (2020)(体波) 0.797 99% 266 24 63 114 69 101 本文 1.236 97% 266 22 60 118 71 101 与USGS和GCMT的结果相比(图4),我们反演所得矩心位置(15.96°N,95.89°W,深度22 km)、矩心时间、最佳双力偶解均与其非常相近。根据最佳双力解的节面参数、矩心位置、余震分布以及地震所处的构造环境,我们判断走向266°、倾角22°、滑动角60°的节面为真实的发震断层面(图4)。这是一次以逆冲为主、具有相当走滑分量的断层错动,或者说这是一次发生在俯冲带的斜滑事件。
图 4 主震震源机制解与余震分布不同颜色的沙滩球和正方形代表不同机构确定的震源机制解及其矩心位置,小圆圈表示余震(来自USGS地震目录),大圆圈表示主震的PDE位置,圆圈和正方形的填充色显示了震源深度Figure 4. The focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and the aftershock distributionColored beach-balls and squares represent the focal mechanism solutions and centroid locations determined by the various institutions,the small circles refer to the aftershocks (from the USGS catalog),and the large circle indicates the PED locations of the mainshock. The colors filled in the circles and squares indicate the focal depths本研究使用的数字波形数据均通过地震学联合研究会(Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology,缩写为IRIS)数据中心获取,震源机制数据分别来自全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)和美国地质调查局(USGS),余震数据来自于美国地质调查局(USGS),作者在此表示感谢!
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图 8 不同类型数据反演得到的滑动分布和震源时间函数
(a) 远震、近场强震和InSAR数据联合反演;(b) 远震数据反演;(c) InSAR数据反演;(d) 近场强震数据反演
Figure 8. Slip distributions and source time functions of inversions with different data
(a) Joint inversion of teleseismic,strong-motion and InSAR data;(b) Inversion of teleseismic data;(c) Inversion of InSAR data;(d) Inversion of strong-motion data
图 3 搜索得到的256个SFP点的分布
图(a)—(c)分别为倾角与走向、震源所在子断层沿倾向方向序数(简称序数)与走向、序数与倾角剖面所显示的SPF三维空间分布,圆圈表示SFP点,其尺寸对应残差大小;图(d)—(f)分别为与图(a)—(c)对应的SFP分布密度;图(g)—(i)分别为已选取的SFP=[95,47,10]为中心,搜索空间中的走向截面、倾角截面和序数截面的平均残差
Figure 3. Distribution of the searched 256 SFPs
Figs.(a)− (c) show the SFP distribution in the cross sections of strike-dip,ordinal number of subfault along dip the epicenter located in (“ordinal”for short)-strike,and ordinal-dip,respectively,where the circles indicate the SFPs. The size of the circle denotesthe residuals,and circle color represents the number of SFPs. Figs.(d)−(f) show the density distribution of SFP correspon-ding to Figs.(a)− (c),respectively. Figs.(g)−(i) show the average residuals in the search space (selected SPF=[95,47,10] centered) in the cross section of strike,dip and ordinal,respectively
图 4 基于远震资料、近场强震资料和InSAR资料的地震破裂过程联合反演结果
(a) 滑动分布和震源时间函数;(b) 子断层上的子震源时间函数;(c) 每2 s积累的滑动量分布快照
Figure 4. Joint inversion results of rupture process based on teleseismic,near-field strong-motion and InSAR data
(a) Slip distribution and source time function;(b) Subfault source time functions;(c) Snapshots ofthe slip accumulated at each 2-second interval
图 5 联合反演的观测与合成资料比较
(a) 观测(黑线)与合成(红线)远震地震波;(b) 观测(黑线)与合成(红线)近场强震地震波;(c) 观测与合成InSAR数据
Figure 5. Comparison of the observed and synthetic data of the joint inversion
(a) Observed (in black) and synthetic (in red) teleseismic data; (b) Observed (in black) and synthetic (in red) strong-motion data;(c) Observed and synthetic InSAR data
图 6 矩心破裂传播速度
(a) 矩心的位置、时间和平均移动速度,图中时间为破裂开始后经过的时间 ;(b) 矩心的位置、时间和地震矩加权平均移动速度;(c) 破裂传播速度-时间曲线
Figure 6. Rupture velocity of the moment centroid
(a) The location,time and average velocity of the centroid,the time represents the duration after the rupture;(b) The location,time and moment-weighted average velocity of the centroid;(c) Velocity-time curves
表 1 研究机构发布的2017年精河MS6.6地震震源定位结果和矩张量解
Table 1 Epicenter locations and focal mechanism solutions of the 2017 Jinghe MS6.6 earthquake released by different research institutes
研究机构 北纬/° 东经/° 震源深度/km 节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° CENC 44.270 82.890 11 76 44 80 269 47 99 USGS 44.302 82.832 20 92 60 92 269 30 87 GFZ 44.330 82.840 24 85 47 81 277 44 99 注:GFZ为德国地学中心German Research Centre for Geosciences的缩写. 表 2 本文所用雷达数据信息
Table 2 Information of the radar data used in this study
轨道信息 轨道方向 时间信息 空间基线/m 时间基线/d 采样点个数 震前图 震后图 T85 升轨 2017-08-08 2017-08-14 − 92.2 37 3 285 T63 降轨 2017-08-07 2017-08-13 −119.6 37 4 271 -
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