Spatio-temporal characteristics of repeating seismic events in the middle of Tianshan orogenic belt
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摘要: 基于2009—2017年新疆区域数字地震台网记录的地震波形数据，利用波形互相关技术及主事件定位方法识别并重新定位了新疆天山中段及其周缘的重复地震。以波形互相关系数0.9作为阈值来确定研究区的重复地震事件，统计结果显示3万零181个事件中的1万1 618个为重复地震事件，这些重复地震事件组成了2395组重复地震对和重复地震丛，占总事件数的38.5%。根据重复地震重定位前后地震对之间距离的统计结果推测，该区域的系统定位误差约为5—10 km。进一步结合该区域最新的震源分类结果对不同震源类型重复地震的时空分布特征予以分析，结果显示：重复矿山爆破事件在空间上呈丛集性分布，且其中的93.6%发生于白天，同时呈现季节性发生模式，即爆破多发生于夏季，而冬季较少；而重复构造地震在空间上大多沿断层分布，24小时内呈随机分布的特征，且研究时段内每个月的活动水平相对平稳；重复诱发地震成丛分布于靠近油气田和水库的区域，但其中部分诱发地震的位置与构造地震重叠，发震时间特征与构造地震相似，为随机分布。Abstract: Based on the seismic waveform data recorded in the stations of Xinjiang regional seismic network from 2009 to 2017, the repeating earthquakes in the middle of Tianshan orogenic belt and its periphery in Xinjiang were determined and relocated by using the waveform cross correlation technique and the master event approach. The results show that 11 618 of the 30 181 events are repeating events, which consist of 2395 groups of doublets and clusters, accounting for 38.5% of the total events. According to the statistical results of the distance between doublets before and after repeating events relocation, it is estimated that the system location error in the research area is about 5−10 km. In addition, combined with the latest source classification results in this area, the results show that repeating earthquakes of different source types have different spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. Repeating quarry blasts appear mostly as clusters, 93.6% of them occur during the daytime, and they also exhibit a seasonal pattern with more events in summers and fewer ones in winters. Tectonic earthquakes occurred in various thrust faults in the Tianshan orogenic belt, and occurred randomly at any time, and the monthly frequency of tectonic events is relatively stable during the studied period. Repeating induced earthquake locations indicate that most of them are located near large gas/oil fields and water reservoirs, but some also geographically overlay tectonic earthquakes in some regions. The occurring time characteristics of induced earthquakes are similar to those of tectonic earthquakes, which appears as random distribution within 24 hours.
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图 5 研究区2009—2017年重复地震重定位前后震中分布图
Figure 5. Geographical distribution of the epicenters before and after relocation in the studied region between 2009 and 2017 （Red circles represent the epicenters after relocation，black circles represent before relocation）
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图 1 研究区1900—2019年M≥5.0 （a）和2009—2019年M1.0—4.9 （b）地震及台站分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of MS≥5.0 earthquakes between 1900 and 2019 （a） and M1.0—4.9earthquakes between 2009 and 2019 （b） as well as the stations in the studied region
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图 2 随机选取的100对相关系数高于0.85的地震对分别在30 s和35 s窗长时得到的波形互相关系数对比（
$ \bar c$ 为平均互相关系数）Figure 2. Comparison of cross correlation coefficient of randomly selected 100 doublets with correlation coefficient higher than 0.85 for 30 s and 35 s window length （
$\bar c $ represents mean cross-correlation coefficient）![]()
图 3 随机选取的100对相关系数高于0.85的地震对在三个滤波频段所得波形互相关系数的对比（
$ \bar c$ 为平均互相关系数）Figure 3. Comparison of cross correlation coefficient of randomly selected 100 doublets with correlation coefficient higher than 0.85 in three filtering bands （
$\bar c $ represents mean cross-correlation coefficient）![]()
图 4 研究区内2009—2017年M＞1.5重复地震、非重复地震及断层分布
Figure 4. Distribution of active faults and the epicenters of MS＞1.5 earthquakes in the studied region between 2009 and 2017 （Red circles stand for clustered events，black circles for non-clustered events）
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图 6 重复地震对重新定位前（a）、后（b）地震对之间距离的统计分布
Figure 6. Statistical distribution of the distance between doublet before （a） and after （b） relocation of repeating earthquakes
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图 7 重复地震24小时内每小时事件频次直方图
Figure 7. Histograms of number of events per hour for repeating earthquakes in 24 hours
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图 8 天山地震带矿山爆破（a）和构造地震（b）的震级-频次分布图
Figure 8. Cumulative occurrence frequency （squares） versus magnitude along with the best-fitting frequency-magnitude distribution （red curve） for quarry blasts （a） and tectonic earthquakes （b）
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图 9 重定位前后矿山爆破（a）、构造地震（b）和诱发地震（c）的空间分布图
三类事件均为震源分类之后的重复地震事件，震源分类后的地震目录引自Tang等（2020），图中色标所表示的重复地震事件白日发生率定义为某区域白天（北京时间10:00:00至21:59:59）发生的重复地震数与全天事件总数的比值
Figure 9. Distribution of classified quarry blasts （a）， tectonic earthquakes （b），and induced earthquakes （c） before and after relocation
Three types of events are repeating events after the source classification，catalogue after source classification is cited from Tang et al （2020）. Color bar represents the percentage of event daytime occurrence，which is defined as the ratio of the number of events occurring during the working hours （from 10:00:00 am to 09:59:59 pm Beijing time） to the total number of the events
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图 10 震源分类之后的矿山爆破（a）、构造地震（b）和诱发地震（c）的24小时地震频次分布［ 包括重复地震和非重复地震，引自Tang等（2020） ］ ，以及重复矿山爆破（d）、重复构造地震（e）和重复诱发地震（f）的24小时地震频次分布直方图
Figure 10. Histograms of number of events per hour for classified quarry blasts （a），tectonic earthquakes （b），and induced earthquakes （c）［ including repeating and non-repeating earthquakes，from Tang et al （2020） ］ ，and repeating quarry blasts （d）， repeating tectonic earthquakes （e），and repeating induced earthquakes （f）
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图 11 震源分类之后的矿山爆破（a），构造地震（b）和诱发地震（c）的月频次随时间变化［ 所有事件，包括重复地震和非重复地震，引自Tang等（2020） ］ 和重复矿山爆破（d）、重复构造地震（e）、重复诱发地震（f）的月频次随时间变化
Figure 11. Time-frequency distributions for classified quarry blasts （a），tectonic earthquakes （b），and induced earthquakes （c） ［ including repeating and non-repeating earthquakes，from Tang et al （2020） ］ ，and repeating quarry blasts （d），repeating tectonic earthquakes （e），and repeating induced earthquakes （f）
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