Dynamic response mechanism of shallow parallel tunnels in saturated strata under incident of SV waves
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摘要: 目前城市核心区交叠紧邻的隧道群大量涌现,其抗震安全性问题日益突出,但近邻隧道之间以及与地层的动力相互作用机制尚不清晰。本文针对饱和地层浅埋平行隧道,基于Biot两相介质理论,采用边界积分方程法分别建立了饱和地层水平和竖向双线隧道动力作用分析模型,并与典型算例精确解对比验证了本模型的有效性;在此基础上,研究了SV波入射频率变化和双线隧道间距变化对隧道结构及周围地层孔隙水压力的影响机制,并以单条隧道分析结果为参照进行对比分析。结果表明:相比单条隧道,相邻隧道的存在改变了既有隧道的动力响应特征,且随着隧道间距的减小隧道响应变化更为明显,同时衬砌环向应力峰值显著增加;双线隧道周围地层孔隙水压力分布主要集中在隧道之间的区域内,且SV波低频入射下孔隙水压力峰值随间距的变小而增大;水平双线隧道的动力响应特征与竖向双线隧道不同,随着相邻隧道间距的减小,水平双线隧道的存在会显著放大隧道结构及周围地层的动力响应,而竖向双线隧道则会对垂直入射的SV波的传播起到阻滞作用,从而导致隧道及上部地表动力响应减弱。本研究可为饱和地层浅埋平行隧道抗震设计提供科学依据。Abstract: At present, a large number of overlapping and adjacent tunnel groups have emerged in the core urban area, and the seismic safety problem of these tunnels has become increasingly prominent. However, the dynamic interaction mechanism between adjacent tunnels and the stratum remains unclear. This paper focuses on shallow parallel tunnels in saturated strata. Based on the Biot poroelasticity theory, the boundary integral equation method is used to establish the dynamic analysis models of horizontal and vertical double-line tunnels in saturated strata, and the proposed model is verified by providing comparisons with the known solutions of typical examples. Furthermore, the response mechanism of the tunnel structure and surrounding pore water pressure under the change of tunnel spacing and SV wave incidence frequency is studied, and the results of a single tunnel were compared and analyzed. The results show that the existence of adjacent tunnels changes the dynamic response characteristics of the existing tunnel compared with a single tunnel, and the tunnel response changes more obviously with the decrease of tunnel spacing. In the meantime, the peak stress of lining increased significantly. The distribution of formation pore water pressure around the double-track tunnel is mainly concentrated in the area between the tunnels, and it increases with the decrease of spacing under the low frequency incidence of SV wave. The dynamic response characteristics of the horizontal double-track tunnel are different from those of the vertical double-track tunnel. As the distance between adjacent tunnels decreases, the existence of horizontal double-track tunnels will significantly amplify the dynamic response of the tunnel structure and surrounding strata, while the vertical double-line tunnel will block the propagation of the vertical incident SV wave, which leads to the decrease of dynamic response of the tunnel and the upper surface. The research can provide a scientific basis for the seismic design of shallow parallel tunnels in saturated strata.
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根据美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey,缩写为USGS)国家地震信息中心(National Earthquake Information Centre,缩写为NEIC)的测定,2020年6月23日15时29分04秒(UTC),墨西哥南部瓦哈卡州发生了一次矩震级MW7.4的地震,NEIC初步确定的震中(preliminary determination epicenter, 缩写为PDE)位于(15.916 3°N,95.953 3°W),震源深度为20 km。美国地质调查局(USGS,2020)和全球矩心矩张量组(GCMT,2020)随后发布了这次地震的矩心矩张量解(表1)。根据USGS (2020)发布的地震目录,在该主震发生后的48小时内发生了9次较大余震,其中最大余震震级达到MW5.4,5次事件深达35 km。
表 1 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震矩心矩张量解的比较Table 1. Comparison of the centroid moment tensor solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutions机构 矩张量/(1020 N·m) 矩心参数 Mrr Mtt Mpp Mrt Mrp Mtp τc/s 北纬/° 西经/° 矩心深度/km GCMT (2020) 0.729 −0.737 0.008 1.220 −0.712 0.200 7.0 16.04 96.06 20 USGS (2020)(W震相) 0.731 −0.752 0.020 1.104 −0.479 0.168 13.2 15.93 95.90 21.5 USGS (2020)(体波反演) 0.527 −0.544 0.017 0.504 −0.289 0.101 − 16.04 95.90 32 本文 0.700 −0.789 0.089 0.825 −0.491 0.218 8.0 15.96 95.89 22 类似于上述两个组织的工作(Dziewonski et al,1981;Kanamori,Rivera,2008;Duputel et al,2012;Ekström et al,2012),我们收集了震中距处于32.5°—88.9°范围内全球地震台网(Global Seismograph Network,缩写为GSN)和数字地震台网联盟(International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks,缩写为FDSN)的42个台站的长周期垂直分量数据,基于AK135模型计算格林函数(Wang,1999),利用我们自主研发的反演软件(张喆,许力生,2020),通过反演0.01—0.05 Hz频带内的P波波形得到了这次地震的矩心矩张量解。根据反演结果(图1),矩心时间为8 s,矩心震中位于(15.96°N,95.89°W),矩心深度为22 km,标量地震矩为1.24×1024 N·m,相当于MW7.4。基于矩心矩张量解(表1,图2),我们也求得了相应的最佳双力偶解(图2,表2),最佳双力偶成分占97%。最后,我们利用反演结果计算了合成波形,并与观测波形进行了比较,结果如图3所示,可见二者之间的相关系数平均值达到0.93,大多数台站的相关系数在0.90以上,均方根误差达1.33×10−5 m。
图 1 矩心矩张量反演过程(a) 矩心时间搜索;(b) 矩心搜索;(c) 矩心深度搜索;(d) PDE位置(灰色)和矩心位置(红色)反演得到的矩张量解Figure 1. Inversion process of the centroid moment tensor(a) Search for the centroid time;(b) Search for the centroid;(c) Search for the centroid depth; (d) The moment tensor solutions at the PDE (gray) and centroid (red) locations表 2 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震的最佳双偶解Table 2. The best double-couple solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutes机构 标量地震矩
/(1020 N·m)双力偶成分
占比节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° GCMT (2020) 1.600 100% 270 16 62 118 76 97 USGS (2020)(W震相) 1.423 96% 271 17 70 112 74 96 USGS (2020)(体波) 0.797 99% 266 24 63 114 69 101 本文 1.236 97% 266 22 60 118 71 101 与USGS和GCMT的结果相比(图4),我们反演所得矩心位置(15.96°N,95.89°W,深度22 km)、矩心时间、最佳双力偶解均与其非常相近。根据最佳双力解的节面参数、矩心位置、余震分布以及地震所处的构造环境,我们判断走向266°、倾角22°、滑动角60°的节面为真实的发震断层面(图4)。这是一次以逆冲为主、具有相当走滑分量的断层错动,或者说这是一次发生在俯冲带的斜滑事件。
图 4 主震震源机制解与余震分布不同颜色的沙滩球和正方形代表不同机构确定的震源机制解及其矩心位置,小圆圈表示余震(来自USGS地震目录),大圆圈表示主震的PDE位置,圆圈和正方形的填充色显示了震源深度Figure 4. The focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and the aftershock distributionColored beach-balls and squares represent the focal mechanism solutions and centroid locations determined by the various institutions,the small circles refer to the aftershocks (from the USGS catalog),and the large circle indicates the PED locations of the mainshock. The colors filled in the circles and squares indicate the focal depths本研究使用的数字波形数据均通过地震学联合研究会(Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology,缩写为IRIS)数据中心获取,震源机制数据分别来自全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)和美国地质调查局(USGS),余震数据来自于美国地质调查局(USGS),作者在此表示感谢!
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