Magnetotelluric static correction of two-dimensional model based on the highest frequency phase method and spatial filtering method
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摘要: 静态效应一直是影响大地电磁测深法精确性的主要原因之一。在相位校正法的基础上提出了一种更适用于电性变化较为平缓的地质情况的静态校正方法—最高频相位法,其核心是用需要校正测点两侧受静态效应影响较小测点的最高频视电阻率的算术平均值代替相位法递推公式中每个频点前一个频点的视电阻率值,以消除相位法中的误差积累。以二维模型的正反演为例,通过对比空间滤波法、相位法和最高频相位法对不同模型静态校正前后的正反演结果,证明了最高频相位法的有效性和优越性,同时表明,对于电阻率变化大并且静态位移严重的水平层状地层模型,采用与空间滤波法相结合的联合校正效果更佳。Abstract: Static effect is one of the main reasons for affecting the accuracy of magnetotelluric sounding. In this paper, a static correction method, the highest frequency phase method, is proposed on the basis of the phase correction method, which is more suitable for geological conditions with smooth electrical changes. Its principle is to eliminate the error accumulation in the phase correction method by replacing the apparent resistivity value of the previous frequency point in the recurrence formula with the arithmetic mean of the highest frequency apparent resistivity of the measuring points on both sides of the measuring points that need to be corrected and are less affected by the static effect. Taking the forward and inversion of two-dimensional model as an example, the effectiveness and superiority of the highest frequency phase method are proved by comparing the forward and inversion results from spatial filtering method, phase correction method and highest frequency phase method before and after static correction for different models. It also shows that for the horizontal layered formation model with sharp resistivity difference and severe static shift, the static correction effect of joint correction which combines highest frequency phase method with spatial filtering method is much better.
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根据美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey,缩写为USGS)国家地震信息中心(National Earthquake Information Centre,缩写为NEIC)的测定,2020年6月23日15时29分04秒(UTC),墨西哥南部瓦哈卡州发生了一次矩震级MW7.4的地震,NEIC初步确定的震中(preliminary determination epicenter, 缩写为PDE)位于(15.916 3°N,95.953 3°W),震源深度为20 km。美国地质调查局(USGS,2020)和全球矩心矩张量组(GCMT,2020)随后发布了这次地震的矩心矩张量解(表1)。根据USGS (2020)发布的地震目录,在该主震发生后的48小时内发生了9次较大余震,其中最大余震震级达到MW5.4,5次事件深达35 km。
表 1 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震矩心矩张量解的比较Table 1. Comparison of the centroid moment tensor solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutions机构 矩张量/(1020 N·m) 矩心参数 Mrr Mtt Mpp Mrt Mrp Mtp τc/s 北纬/° 西经/° 矩心深度/km GCMT (2020) 0.729 −0.737 0.008 1.220 −0.712 0.200 7.0 16.04 96.06 20 USGS (2020)(W震相) 0.731 −0.752 0.020 1.104 −0.479 0.168 13.2 15.93 95.90 21.5 USGS (2020)(体波反演) 0.527 −0.544 0.017 0.504 −0.289 0.101 − 16.04 95.90 32 本文 0.700 −0.789 0.089 0.825 −0.491 0.218 8.0 15.96 95.89 22 类似于上述两个组织的工作(Dziewonski et al,1981;Kanamori,Rivera,2008;Duputel et al,2012;Ekström et al,2012),我们收集了震中距处于32.5°—88.9°范围内全球地震台网(Global Seismograph Network,缩写为GSN)和数字地震台网联盟(International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks,缩写为FDSN)的42个台站的长周期垂直分量数据,基于AK135模型计算格林函数(Wang,1999),利用我们自主研发的反演软件(张喆,许力生,2020),通过反演0.01—0.05 Hz频带内的P波波形得到了这次地震的矩心矩张量解。根据反演结果(图1),矩心时间为8 s,矩心震中位于(15.96°N,95.89°W),矩心深度为22 km,标量地震矩为1.24×1024 N·m,相当于MW7.4。基于矩心矩张量解(表1,图2),我们也求得了相应的最佳双力偶解(图2,表2),最佳双力偶成分占97%。最后,我们利用反演结果计算了合成波形,并与观测波形进行了比较,结果如图3所示,可见二者之间的相关系数平均值达到0.93,大多数台站的相关系数在0.90以上,均方根误差达1.33×10−5 m。
图 1 矩心矩张量反演过程(a) 矩心时间搜索;(b) 矩心搜索;(c) 矩心深度搜索;(d) PDE位置(灰色)和矩心位置(红色)反演得到的矩张量解Figure 1. Inversion process of the centroid moment tensor(a) Search for the centroid time;(b) Search for the centroid;(c) Search for the centroid depth; (d) The moment tensor solutions at the PDE (gray) and centroid (red) locations表 2 不同机构所得墨西哥MW7.4地震的最佳双偶解Table 2. The best double-couple solutions for the MW7.4 Mexico earthquake obtained by different institutes机构 标量地震矩
/(1020 N·m)双力偶成分
占比节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° GCMT (2020) 1.600 100% 270 16 62 118 76 97 USGS (2020)(W震相) 1.423 96% 271 17 70 112 74 96 USGS (2020)(体波) 0.797 99% 266 24 63 114 69 101 本文 1.236 97% 266 22 60 118 71 101 与USGS和GCMT的结果相比(图4),我们反演所得矩心位置(15.96°N,95.89°W,深度22 km)、矩心时间、最佳双力偶解均与其非常相近。根据最佳双力解的节面参数、矩心位置、余震分布以及地震所处的构造环境,我们判断走向266°、倾角22°、滑动角60°的节面为真实的发震断层面(图4)。这是一次以逆冲为主、具有相当走滑分量的断层错动,或者说这是一次发生在俯冲带的斜滑事件。
图 4 主震震源机制解与余震分布不同颜色的沙滩球和正方形代表不同机构确定的震源机制解及其矩心位置,小圆圈表示余震(来自USGS地震目录),大圆圈表示主震的PDE位置,圆圈和正方形的填充色显示了震源深度Figure 4. The focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and the aftershock distributionColored beach-balls and squares represent the focal mechanism solutions and centroid locations determined by the various institutions,the small circles refer to the aftershocks (from the USGS catalog),and the large circle indicates the PED locations of the mainshock. The colors filled in the circles and squares indicate the focal depths本研究使用的数字波形数据均通过地震学联合研究会(Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology,缩写为IRIS)数据中心获取,震源机制数据分别来自全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)和美国地质调查局(USGS),余震数据来自于美国地质调查局(USGS),作者在此表示感谢!
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图 1 无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c)的均匀半空间介质近地表存在低阻和高阻电性异常体的模型
测线长3 km,测点数为30,点距为100 m;左侧低阻异常体长200 m,高40 m,电阻率为1 Ω·m;右侧高阻异常体长200 m,高40 m,电阻率为105 Ω·m
Figure 1. Schematic of the half space model with low and high resistivity anomaly near surface for the model of flat surface (a),horst terrain (b) and graben terrain (c),respectively
The measuring line is 3 km long,and there are 30 measuring points,and the point spacing is 100 m;the left low resistivity anomaly body and the right high resistivity body are both 200 m in length and 40 m in height,while the electrical resistivity are 1 Ω·m and 105 Ω·m,respectively;the horst is 300 m high and the graben is 300 m deep. The same below
图 5 使用四种方法对无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c)的水平层状介质近地表低阻异常体正上方测点进行静态校正效果对比
Figure 5. Comparison of static correction effects of measuring points above near surface low resistivity anomaly of the horizontal layered medium with flat surface (a),horst terrain (b) and graben terrain (c) using four methods,respectively
图 6 使用三种不同方法对无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c) 的水平层状介质近地表低阻异常体正上方测点的静态校正误差e对比
Figure 6. Comparison of static correction errors of measuring points above near surface low resistivity anomaly of the horizontal layered medium with flat surface (a),horst terrain (b), and graben terrain (c) using three methods,respectively
图 7 使用四种方法对无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c)的水平层状介质近地表高阻异常体正上方测点静态校正效果对比
Figure 7. Comparison of static correction effects of the measuring points above near surface high resistivity anomaly of the horizontal layered medium with flat surface (a),horst terrain (b), and graben terrain (c) using four methods,respectively
图 10 无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c)的均匀半空间介质中利用最高频相位法静态校正前后的正演(左侧两列)与反演(右侧两列)效果对比(白色矩形区域为模型中异常体的位置,下同)
Figure 10. Comparison of correction effects of the forward (left two columns) and inversion (right two columns) results before and after correction by the highest frequency phase method for homogeneous half-space with flat surface (a),horst terrain (b) and graben terrain (c),respectively (The white rectangle represents the anomalous body,the same below)
图 11 无地形(a)、含地垒(b)、含地堑(c)时水平均匀层状介质的联合校正法校正前后的正演(左侧两列)与反演(右侧两列)效果对比
Figure 11. Comparison of correction effects of the forward (left two columns) and inversion (right two columns) results before and after correction by the joint correction method for three-layer stratum model with flat surface (a),horst terrain (b) and graben terrain (c),respectively
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