Lithospheric velocity structure of central Turkey based on ambient noise surface tomography
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摘要: 土耳其东部是由碰撞引起的挤压变形区域，而西部为俯冲引起的爱琴海伸展变形区域，土耳其中部作为两者之间的过渡拥有很复杂的地质情况，尤其是具有火山活动和长远的俯冲、大陆碰撞等构造历史，因此获得此区域岩石圈可靠的速度结构对认识俯冲末期的板块状态、岩浆活动等现象意义重大。为了更好地了解此区域的岩石圈速度结构，本研究使用了（31°E—38.8°E，34.5°N—42.0°N）范围内172个台站的背景噪声数据，通过互相关方法获得经验格林函数；之后利用频率-贝塞尔变换法得到了5—80 s周期范围内的基阶瑞雷波频散曲线，并在个别区域获得了高阶模式频散曲线；最后利用基于Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno算法校正的拟牛顿迭代反演方法得到地表至124 km深的三维剪切波速度结构。结果表明：土耳其中部的速度横向变化剧烈（最大变化可达400 m/s），且与地质边界和缝合带区域密切相关，中安纳托利亚火山区及部分金牛座山脉东部的速度在0—100 km深度均小于4.3 km/s，因此推测此区域不存在岩石圈地幔；从塞浦路斯海沟开始俯冲的非洲大洋岩石圈，以近垂直俯冲在金牛座山脉中部下方，表现为明显的高速特征；土耳其中部在70—100 km深度广泛存在与上升软流圈物质相关的低速带，因此大部分研究区域的岩石圈波速小于全球平均剪切波速度，并且此区域岩石圈整体较薄、厚度多变。此外，本研究还发现在金牛座山脉中部和东部约13—23 km深度存在一个明显的低速带，推测可能与地块破裂导致的地层部分熔融有关。Abstract: The eastern part of Turkey is the compression deformation area caused by collision, while the western part is the extension deformation area of the Aegean Sea caused by subduction. As the transition between the two, the central part of Turkey has a very complex geological situation, volcanism, long-term subduction, continental collision and other tectonic history. Therefore, obtaining the reliable velocity structure of the lithosphere in this region is very important for understanding the plate state at the end of subduction, magmatism and other phenomena. In order to better understand the lithospheric velocity structure of this area, we study this region using ambient noise tomography based on the continuous noise data of 172 stations in the area （31°E−38.8°E, 34.5°N−42.0°N）. After obtaining the empirical Green’s function through the cross-correlation, the fundamental Rayleigh wave dispersion curves in the period range of 5−80 s is obtained by using the frequency-Bessel transform method, and the dispersion curve of overtones is obtained in some subarray. Subsequently, 3-D shear velocity structure from surface to 124 km is obtained by quasi-Newton iterative version based on Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno correction. These results show that the lateral velocity in central Turkey changes sharply （the maximum variation can reach 400 m/s）, which is closely related to the geological boundary and suture. The velocity in the Central Anatolian volcanic province （CAVP） and some Eastern Taurus mountains （ETM） is less than 4.3 km/s at 0−110 km, so we speculate that there are no lithospheric mantle in this area. The African oceanic lithosphere, which began to subduct from the Cyprus trench, subducted beneath the Central Taurus mountains （CTM） at a near vertical angle, showing obvious high-velocity characteristics. For low velocity zones related to upwelling asthenosphere materials widely exist in this area from 70 km to 100 km, the lithospheric wave velocity in most of the study areas is less than the global average shear wave velocity, and the lithosphere is thin and variable in thickness. In particular, we also find that there is an obvious low velocity zone at a depth of 13−23 km in the CTM and ETM, which may be related to the partial melting of strata caused by block fracture.
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图 3 是（左）否（右）进行时间域归一化的结果对比图
（a） 台阵示意图；（b） 时间域互相关结果；（c） 频率域互相关结果；（d） 频散能量图
Figure 3. Comparison of the results with （left panels） and without （right panel） time-domain normalization （one bit）
（a） Position of subarray；（b） Time-domain cross-correlation results；（c） Frequency-domain cross-correlation results；（d） Dispersion energy diagram
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图 1 土耳其中部构造背景图
IPS：内庞蒂德缝合带；IAESZ：伊兹密尔—安卡拉—埃尔津詹缝合带；ITS：内陶里德缝合带；BZS：比特里斯—札格罗斯缝合带；F1：北安纳托利亚断裂带；F2：中安纳托利亚断裂带；F3：东安纳托利亚断裂带；F4：图兹湖断裂；F5：死海断裂
Figure 1. Map of tectonic settings in Central Turkey
IPS：Intra-Pontide suture；IAESZ：Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone；ITS：Inner Tauride suture；BZS：Bitlis-Zagros suture；F1：North Anatolian fault zone；F2：Central Anatolian fault zone；F3：East Anatolian fault zone；F4：Tuz Gölü fault；F5：Dead Sea fault
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图 2 研究区域土耳其中部（红框所示）及所用台站分布图
Figure 2. Map of study region central Turkey （delineated by the red box） and distribution of the used stations
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图 4 北安纳托利亚断裂带子台阵
（a） 台阵位置示意图；（b） 频散能量图，黑点为选取的频散点；（c） 频散能量图，白点为利用图（d）中估算模型合成的理论频散点；（d） 反演结果图，灰色虚线为79个初始模型在每层可取的速度范围；（e） 最终估算模型的基阶敏感核函数
Figure 4. Subarray of North Anatolian fault zone
（a） Position of subarray；（b） Dispersion energy diagram，dark dots are the selected dispersion points；（c） Dispersion energy diagram，white dots are the theoretical dispersion points based on the estimation model in Fig. d；（d） Inversion result diagram，gray dased line represents the desirable velocity range of 79 initial models，gray solid line represents the result range of 79 inversion models，and red solid line represents the final estimation model；（e） Sensitivity kernel of fundamental mode of estimated model
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图 5 不同周期T的相速度横向剖面图
黄色实线代表断裂；黑色虚线代表缝合带； 红色圆点代表火山
Figure 5. Lateral profile of phase velocity in different periods T
Yellow solid line represents fault，black dashed line represents suture，and red dot represents volcano
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图 6 不同深度h的剪切波速度横向剖面图
Figure 6. Lateral profile of shear wave velocity at different depths h
（a） h＝2 km ；（b） h＝12 km；（c） h＝20 km ；（d） h＝46 km；（e） h＝61 km；（f） h＝84 km；（g） h＝103 km；（h） h＝124 km
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图 7 各测线位置（a）及其剪切波深度剖面图（b−h）
CTM：中金牛座山脉；ETM：东金牛座山脉；AB：阿达纳盆地；TGB：图兹湖盆地；CAVP：中安纳托利亚火山区；AP：阿拉伯板块；KB：克尔谢希尔地块；SZ：萨卡里亚区域；ITS：内陶里德缝合带；IPS：内庞蒂德缝合带；IAESZ：伊兹密尔—安卡拉—埃尔津詹缝合带；F1：北安纳托利亚断裂带；F2：中安纳托利亚断裂带；F3：东安纳托利亚断裂带；F4：图兹湖断裂；F5：死海断裂
Figure 7. Location of survey lines （a） and their shear wave depth profiles （b−h）
CTM：Central Taurus mountains；ETM：Eastern Taurus mountains；AB：Adana basin；TGB：Tuz Gölü basin；CAVP：Central Anatolian volcanic province；AP：Arabian Plate；KB：Kirşehir block；SZ：Sakarya zone；ITS：Inner Tauride suture；IPS：Intra-Pontide suture；IAESZ：Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone；F1：North Anatolian fault zone；F2：Central Anatolian fault zone；F3：East Anatolian fault zone；F4：Tuz Gölü fault；F5：Dead Sea fault
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