Classified surface rupture characteristics and damage analysis of the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake，Qinghai
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摘要:
为了深入分析2022年1月8日青海门源MS6.9地震引发的不同类型地表破裂特征及震害现象，本文依据沿此次地震地表破裂带进行的野外实地考察和无人机航拍解译，将破裂带沿线的典型同震地表破裂特征归纳为：① 多种典型几何细结构，包括雁列状次级破裂、左旋左阶拉张区、左旋右阶挤压区以及树枝状、网状破裂等；② 多种地貌标志物水平位错，包括牧区围栏、车辙印、动物脚印和冲沟冰面的左旋断错等；③ 多种类型垂直破裂，如逆冲型地震陡坎和正断型地震陡坎；④ 多种类型挤压破裂，如挤压脊和挤压鼓包；⑤ 不同类型张性裂缝带，如纯张性裂缝带和张剪性裂缝带。将地震引发的地质及工程震害现象归纳为：① 跨地震断裂带的边坡垮塌失稳；② 跨地震断裂带的公路、桥梁和隧道损坏；③ 地震断裂带附近区域的冰面鼓包、公路裂隙等形变现象。此外，对上述现象的展布特征和成因机制进行了分析讨论，并强调了加强跨活动断裂带时工程抗断及近断层强地面运动的抗震设防的重要性。
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关键词:
- 2022年门源MS6.9地震 /
- 冷龙岭断裂 /
- 托莱山断裂 /
- 同震破裂 /
- 地震灾害
Abstract:At 01:45 on January 8, 2022, a MS6.9 earthquake occurred in Menyuan County, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The epicenter was located at （37.77°N, 101.26°E） in Lenglongling area of the central Qilian mountains, with a focal depth of 10 km. According to the comprehensive results of field investigation and aerial image interpretation by unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV）, the seismogenic fault of this earthquake undertakes a sinistral strike-slip motion, with a slight thrust component. The surface rupture zone of this earthquake is composed of the north main rupture zone located at the west end of Lenglongling fault and the southwest secondary traction rupture zone located at the east end of Tuolaishan fault. A series of extensional step-overs, sinistral displacements, tensional fractures, compressed bulges, and compressed ridges were formed along the surface rupture zone, resulting in damage to the Lanzhou-Ürümqi high-speed railway tunnels and bridges and the suspension of train services. In order to comprehensively analyze the different types of surface fracture features and seismic damage caused by this earthquake, field investigations and aerial interpretation using UAV were conducted along the rupture zone. As a result, typical coseismic surface fracture features along the rupture zone were categorized as follows: ① Various typical geometric structures, including echelon secondary rupture, sinistral extensional step-overs, sinistral compressed step-overs, dendritic and netlike forked rupture, etc; ② Horizontal displacement observed in various geomorphic markers, such as left-lateral dislocations in pastoral areas, truck trace, animal footprints, and gullies and gully ice; ③ Various types of vertical rupture, such as thrust seismic scarps and normal seismic scarps; ④ Various types of compressed rupture, such as compressed ridges and compressed bulges; ⑤ Different types of tensional crack zones, including pure tensional cracks and tensional-shear cracks. The geological and engineering seismic damage caused by the earthquake can be summarized as follows: ① Slope instability across the earthquake fault zone; ② Damage to highways, bridges, and tunnels across the earthquake fault zone; ③ Seismic deformation such as ice bulges and highway cracks in the areas near the earthquake fault zone. In addition, with the analysis and discussion on the distribution characteristics and formation mechanisms of the phenomena above mentioned, we should emphasize the importance of strengthening engineering anti-rupture fortification when engineering constructions cross active faults.
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图 1 祁连山中段活动构造分布及2022年门源MS6.9地震位置图
断层数据修改自邓起东（2007）和徐锡伟等（2016），历史地震数据源自国家地震科学数据中心（2022），现代地震数据源自中国地震局震害防御司（1999）和中国地震台网中心（2022b），DEM数据源自美国地质调查局（USGS，2000）
Figure 1. Active structures in central Qilian mountains and location of 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake
Fault data are modified from Deng （2007） and Xu et al （2016），the historical earthquake data is from National Earthquake Data Center （2022），the modern earthquake data is from Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department of China Earthquake Administration （1999） and China Earthquake Networks Center （2022b）. DEM data is from US Geological Survey （USGS，2000）
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图 2 2022年门源MS6.9地震破裂带展布图
绿点代表后文介绍的几种破裂带典型几何结构，黄点代表水平位错地貌，白点代表垂直位错地貌，橙点代表挤压脊、鼓包，蓝点代表张性裂缝，青点代表典型震害，黑点代表远端地表效应。F1-1：主破裂带硫磺沟段；F1-2：主破裂带硫磺沟—下大圈沟段；F1-3：硫磺沟次级破裂带；F2-1：南西侧次级破裂带大西沟段； F2-2：南西侧次级破裂带狮子口段，下同
Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake rupture zone
The green dots represent several typical geometric structures described later，the yellow dots represent the horizontal dislocations，the white dots represent the vertical dislocations，the orange dots represent the compressed ridges and bulges，the blue dots represent the tensional cracks，the cyan dots represent the typical earthquake damage，the black dots represent the remote surface effect。F1-1：Liuhuanggou section of the main rupture zone；F1-2：Liuhuanggou-Xiadaquangou section of the main rupture zone；F1-3：Liuhuanggou secondary rupture zone；F2-1：Daxigou section of the southwest secondary rupture zone；F2-3：Shizikou section of the southwest secondary rupture zone，the same below
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图 3 破裂带典型区域无人机影像（左）与几何结构及成因机制素描图（右）
R：里德尔剪切破裂；R′：共轭里德尔剪切破裂；T：张性破裂；Y：平行主位移方向的剪切破裂；P：次生压剪性破裂。（a） 雁列状破裂区；（b） 左旋左阶区，以左阶拉张为主，相邻左阶区间连接部位为挤压区；（c） 左旋右阶区，以右阶挤压为主；（d） 树枝状、网状分叉区，端部以分叉及网格状交错裂隙为主
Figure 3. UAV images （left panels），geometric structures and genetic mechanism sketches （right panels） of typical areas of the earthquake rupture zone
R：Riedel shear fault；R′：Conjugate Riedel shear fault；T：Tensional fault；Y：Shear fault parallel to the principal displacement direction；P：Secondary compressed shear fault. （a） Echelon rupture；（b） Sinistral extensional step-overs dominated by stretching，where the connecting parts are compressed regions；（c） Sinistral compressed step-overs dominated by extruding；（d） The dendritic and netlike forked areas. The end member is dominated by bifurcation and meshed crisscrossed cracks
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图 4 沿2022年门源MS6.9地震地表破裂带的水平位错空间分布特征（据袁道阳等，2023修改）
Figure 4. Distribution characteristics of horizontal dislocations along the surface rupture zone of the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake （modified from Yuan et al，2023）
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图 5 多种类型地貌标志物的左旋位错
黄色箭头为破裂带两盘水平相对运动方向；红色箭头为破裂带宏观展布方向（a） 围栏；（b） 车辙印；（c） 狼脚印；（d） 冲沟冰面
Figure 5. Left-lateral offsets of various types of geomorphic markers
The yellow arrows represent the horizontal relative motion direction of both sides，and the red arrows represent the macroscopic direction spreading of the rupture zone。 （a） Fences；（b） Truck trace；（c） Wolf footprints；（d） Gully ice
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图 6 2022年门源MS6.9地震破裂形成的各类垂直陡坎及其断错类型（左下角小图）
（a） 近垂直逆冲陡坎；（b） 复合型逆冲陡坎；（c） 拉张型正断陡坎；（d） 近垂直正断陡坎
Figure 6. Various types of vertical scarps resulted from the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake and their disloaction types （bottom-left insets）
（a） Near-vertical thrust scarp；（b） Compound thrust scarp；（c） Tensional normal scarp；（d） Near-vertical normal scarp
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图 7 2022年门源MS6.9地震形成的挤压脊（a）和鼓包（b）
黄色箭头为破裂带两盘水平相对运动方向，黑色箭头为受力方向
Figure 7. Compressed ridges （a） and bulges （b） caused by the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake
The yellow arrows represent the horizontal relative motion direction on both sides of the rupture zone，and the black arrows represent the directions of force
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图 8 2022年门源MS6.9地震破裂形成的各类裂缝和拉张阶区
黄色箭头为破裂带两盘水平相对运动方向；红色箭头为破裂带的宏观展布方向。（a） 主破裂张裂缝；（b） 雁列状张剪裂缝及追踪式裂缝；（c） 拉分区张剪裂缝；（d） 南北两侧为挤压破裂，其间为左旋左阶阶区内束状拉张裂缝
Figure 8. Various types of cracks and extensional step-overs formed by the rupture of 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake
The yellow arrows represent the horizontal relative motion direction of both sides of the rupture zone，and the red arrows mark the macroscopic distribution direction of the rupture zone。（a） Tensional cracks on the main rupture zone；（b） Echelon tensional shear cracks and tracing cracks；（c） Tensional shear cracks in the extensional step-overs；（d） Compressed ruptures on the north and south sides，between of which are bundles of tensional cracks in sinistral extensional step-overs
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图 9 2022年门源MS6.9地震造成的各类地质灾害及工程破坏现象
红色箭头为破裂带展布，黑色箭头为桥面同震水平运动幅度
Figure 9. Various geological disasters and engineering damages caused by the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake
The red arrows represent the distribution of the rupture zone，and the black arrows represent the coseismic horizontal motion amplitude of the bridge deck
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