Component azimuths of the permanent seismic stations in the Northeast China estimated from P-wave particle motion
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摘要:
现代地震研究依赖于可靠的三分量观测数据，地震计的北分量是否严格指北将直接影响研究的准确性。然而，受台站附近磁异常或人为安装错误的影响，地震计的方位角可能出现偏差。基于东北地区154个固定台站2020年的远震数据，利用P波质点运动方法，估算了每个台站的北向分量方位角，以判断台站地震计是否存在方位角偏转问题。结果表明，84%的台站运行良好，12%的台站存在方位角偏差绝对值过大（＞20°）或分量极性反转等问题。此外，分析后发现方位角偏转较大会导致H-κ叠加方法计算得到的地壳厚度和地震波速比出现偏差。因此，为确保地震学分析的可靠性，固定台站的地震计方位角需要进行定期校标。
Abstract:Modern seismic studies rely on reliable three-component seismological observations, whether the station sensor’s north component strictly aligns to the geographical north or not will directly affect the accuracy of the research. However, due to magnetic anomalies near the station or artificial error, the azimuth of seismometer may be deviated. In this study, the component azimuths of 154 permanent seismic stations in Northeast China were rechecked using the P-wave particle motions based on the teleseismic events in 2020, and we used the same seismic events to calculate the component azimuth by the principal component analysis and the signal-to-noise-weighted-multievent method, respectively. The azimuth deviation determined by these two methods are very consistent, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 6. Among the 154 stations, the azimuth of 84% of the stations deviate slightly from the true north, and some of the stations have some sort of problems, including azimuth deviation of the two horizontal components （＞20° or ＜−20°） or polarity reversal in one or more components. We found a large deviation in sensor azimuth could result in incorrect estimatiog of both crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio by H-κ stacking. Therefore, in order to ensure the reliability of seismological analysis, the azimuth of the station needs to be checked and calibrated regularly.
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Keywords:
- azimuth /
- P-wave particle motion /
- seismometer /
- Northeast China /
- H-κ stacking
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图 1 仪器方位角示意图
BHN方向为地震计北向方向，与地理北之间的方位角偏差用φ表示，θb为台站的后方位角，θa为P波质点运动求出的视后方位角
Figure 1. A schematic plot of station sensor orientation
The clockwise deviation angle between geographical north and BHN is defined as the misorientation φ，θb is back azimuth measured from source-station geometry，and θa is apparent back azimuth measured from P-wave particle motion
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图 2 研究区域台站位置和方位角偏差及使用地震事件分布图
右上角的小图中红色圆圈给出了本文所使用的地震事件
Figure 2. Map of Northeast China showing the permanent seismic stations and their sensor misorientations
The upper right inset gives the location of teleseismic events used in this study
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图 3 LN.SHS （a）和NM.JIP （b）单地震事件信噪比和PCA方法计算方位角的相关性分析
圆圈代表单个地震事件的方位角计算结果，相关系数越大，校正效果越好；黑色虚线表示参与计算台站方位角的数据筛选条件；灰色区域为方位角偏差集中区域
Figure 3. The relationship between single event misorientation estimated by PCA method and its signal-to-noiseratio for LN.SHS and NM.JIP stations
Circles and colors represent the misorientations and cross-correlation values of R and Z components for each event，respectively. The larger cross-correlation values mean the better correction for sensor misorientations. The dashed lines denote the thresholds to select data in the sensor misorientation calculation，and the gray areas highlight the dominant estimation of misorientation
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图 4 HL.BAQ （a）和NM.JIP （b）台站PCA方法估算地震计方位角偏差
图中紫色三角表示单地震事件PCA方法估算方位角结果，红色正方形表示校正后垂向和径向分量对应相关系数，在理想情况下为1.0
Figure 4. The misorientation calculated by PCA method for HL.BAQ （a） and NM.JIP （b） stations
The purple triangles represent the single event PCA measurement，the red squares represent the cross-correlation values of R and T components，which is 1.0 in ideal case
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图 6 PCA与Min-T方法估算方位角相关性分析
Figure 6. Correlative analysis of sensor misorientations obtained by PCA and Min-T methods
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图 7 方位角校正前（左）、后（右）H-κ叠加结果的差异比较
Figure 7. Comparison of H-κ grid-search results with （right） and without （left） misorientation correction of stations
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图 8 方位角偏差对H-κ叠加结果影响统计图
Figure 8. Statistical analysis of the influence of sensor misorientations on H-κ grid-search results
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图 5 PCA （a）和Min-T （b）方法估算的方位角频率分布直方图
Figure 5. Histogram showing the distribution of misorientations measured by PCA （a） and Min-T （b） methods
表 1 存在问题台站方位角列表
Table 1 Misoriented stations
台站代码 事件数 φMin-T/° φPCA/° 数据起止时间 仪器分量偏移 BJ.CIQ 60 −14.70±4.60 −14.33±4.07 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 BJ.DAX 101 −7.80±4.80 −7.58±4.68 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → E，E → −N BJ.NSC 92 −15.40±4.00 −15.44±3.54 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 BJ.ZKD 96 10.20±4.10 10.57±4.14 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.CHC 109 4.80±3.50 5.43±3.92 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.CHD 90 3.60±4.40 3.34±5.30 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.FEN 80 4.40±4.30 4.88±5.60 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.SHC 105 5.50±7.40 5.59±14.59 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.XLD 108 3.80±3.20 4.07±3.96 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.XUH 85 5.60±3.80 6.34±4.29 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HE.ZUH 88 −1.80±3.40 −2.50±3.37 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −N，E → −E HL.BAQ 58 2.70±4.20 3.20±4.76 2020−01−01—2020−07−22 HL.BAQ 40 −30.10±3.90 −29.46±3.24 2020−07−27—2020−12−31 HL.FUY 77 −15.50±3.50 −14.72±3.86 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HL.JIY 42 −31.90±3.80 −32.02±4.30 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → E，E → −N HL.LIH 96 5.10±3.30 4.86±3.31 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HL.MDJ 102 −3.70±4.70 −2.38±5.20 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HL.SHZ 73 −8.20±4.40 −7.88±7.35 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 HL.TOH 65 −8.60±3.60 −9.06±2.91 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.BCT 63 −4.30±2.90 −4.45±2.65 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.BST 21 23.30±2.90 23.65±2.70 2020−08−18—2020−12−31 JL.CBS 50 2.10±5.80 2.92±5.03 2020−01−01—2020−11−07 N → −N，E → −E JL.CBT 55 6.90±3.60 7.12±4.05 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.HCT 72 32.20±3.30 31.62±3.52 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −E，E → N JL.JCT 83 29.90±3.40 29.80±5.04 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −E，E → N JL.LJT 35 −10.50±4.40 −10.81±5.66 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.LYT 48 −7.50±7.10 −6.87±11.90 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.PST 94 29.80±3.70 29.88±3.98 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.SGT 28 −4.80±4.70 −4.09±4.17 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 JL.WQT 18 −13.80±4.30 −13.13±5.86 2020−01−01—2020−10−01 JL.WQT 53 −12.80±3.20 −12.48±2.95 2020−10−19—2020−12−31 N → −N，E → −E JL.YFT 91 30.60±3.80 30.14±3.97 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −E，E → N LN.BXI 65 −5.40±3.90 −5.46±4.81 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 LN.FXI 93 −3.00±3.10 −3.28±2.85 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −N，E → −E LN.GUS 95 −4.50±3.20 −4.37±2.75 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 LN.LYN 94 36.00±3.80 36.07±4.87 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 NM.CHR 77 3.20±3.90 2.89±3.75 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 NM.HJN 48 −43.70±3.50 −43.55±2.33 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −E，E → N NM.IDR 48 −17.00±4.60 −17.60±7.48 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 NM.JIP 49 −22.00±2.90 −22.32±2.32 2020−01−01—2020−07−06 N → E，E → −N NM.JIP 51 2.10±2.70 1.95±2.82 2020−07−14—2020−12−31 NM.LIX 16 −16.40±3.50 −17.40±3.36 2020−01−01—2020−06−13 N → E，E → −N NM.LIX 42 2.80±4.50 2.56±4.99 2020−07−22—2020−12−31 NM.WLT 91 1.40±3.20 1.54±2.42 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 N → −E，E → N NM.WLY 67 15.60±3.40 15.62±3.38 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 NM.XIQ 63 −21.20±3.60 −21.66±4.02 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 NM.XLT 99 3.10±3.40 2.29±3.84 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 TJ.BAD 69 −4.10±6.00 −2.47±7.39 2020−01−01—2020−12−31 
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