Rupture process of the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan，Qinghai earthquake revealed by inversion of regional broadband seismograms
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摘要:
基于有限断层模型反演方法，利用区域宽频带数据反演了2022年1月青海门源MS6.9地震的震源破裂过程，并结合地质构造与地震重定位结果判断发震断层走向。综合反演结果表明：此次地震的发震断层走向为WNW向，主要以走滑为主；破裂主要发生在震源两侧，可能存在着双侧破裂，在震后2 s和9 s出现破裂极大值，最大错动量约为1.5 m，位于深度约6 km处，发生明显破裂的深度约为16 km，地表破裂长度约20 km；此次地震释放的标量地震矩为1.23×1019 N·m，相当于矩震级MW6.7，地震能量主要在前15 s释放；发震断层面的倾角为84.6°，接近于垂直，由于破裂范围较大，所以发生明显错动分布的地表投影也长达34 km。
Abstract:Finite fault inversion is an effective method commonly used to study the rupture process of earthquakes and has been widely applied to seismic source rupture process research. In this study, we utilized the method to investigate the rupture process of the MS6.9 Menyuan, Qinghai earthquake in 2022 using regional broadband seismic waveform data. Considering the quality and distribution of the network data, we selected 20 regional seismic stations with high signal-to-noise ratio and epicentral distances less than 500 km. We preprocessed the observed waveforms by removing instrument response, demeaning, detrending, and filtering. We also calculated the near-field Green’s functions using the frequency-wavenumber （f-k） method. First, synthesize the waveforms using the Green’s function synthesis theory and compare them with corresponding observed waveforms. Then, perform fault model inversion where the displacement response of each sub-fault at any station can be represented as a function of the sub-fault’s slip, direction, rise time, and rupture velocity. Additionally, in the process of reducing errors, we use wavelet transform to establish the objective function and use simulated annealing （SA） to search for the global optimal solution of each sub-fault parameter, so that the waveform residual can be minimized in the wavelet domain, ultimately obtaining the best spatio-temporal distribution model of the source fault slip. In this study, high frequency signal of regional network is used. Low-frequency information constrains the overall characteristics of the earthquake source, but is less sensitive to detailed rupture features such as rupture rise time or rupture velocity changes. However, sudden changes in slip amplitude or rupture velocity will radiate intense seismic signals with higher-frequency. Therefore, using higher-frequency signals for finite fault inversion can effectively improve spatial and temporal resolution, and fully utilize the wide-band information of seismic waves to better understand the earthquake source rupture process. The following results were obtained: ① The seismic fault is nodal planeⅠ（strike 104.2°, dip 84.6°, rake −5.4°）. The rupture is mainly concentrated in two areas. The first area is a circular region with a radius of approximately 3 km above the hypocenter, with a maximum displacement of about 1.5 m, located at a depth of about 6 km underground, where the depth of obvious rupture is about 16 km. The earthquake caused a rupture to the surface with a maximum displacement of approximately 0.5 m, and the surface rupture length is about 20 km. Second, along the strike direction, the circular area with a radius of about 3 km is at the lower-right of the hypocenter, with a maximum displacement of approximately 1.2 m, at a depth of about 14 km. ② The scalar seismic moment released by the earthquake is 1.23×1019 N·m, corresponding to MW6.7. The earthquake rupture lasts about 17 s, with the maximum release of energy occurring around 8 s. The energy was mostly released before 15 seconds. ③ From the perspective of rupture direction, the rupture mainly propagates along the ESE direction. The maximum rupture values appear on both sides of the epicenter at 2 s and 9 s, reflecting the characteristics of bilateral rupture. According to the surface dislocation distribution map, the dip of the seismic fault surface is 84.6°, which is close to vertical. Therefore, the surface projection with obvious dislocation distribution is as long as 34 km. ④ Two obvious features can be identified: first, the fault plane has a large dip and releases a high amount of energy, resulting in significant surface ruptures with a length of approximately 18 km; second, there is bilateral rupture, accompanied with large displacements observed on both sides of the epicenter at 2 s and 9 s. The regional tectonic position also confirms that the initial rupture occurred along the Tuolaishan fault in an approximate E-W direction and triggered the NW-SE trending Lenglongling fault, which is closely related to the complex tectonic environment in the area.
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1 ① 王卫民，何建坤，郝金来。2022。2022年1月8日青海门源M6.9地震震源破裂过程反演初步结果。学术讨论资料。 -
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图 5 以震源机制解中节面Ⅰ为断层面反演得到的震源破裂过程
（a） 错动在断层面上的分布，黑色等值线为破裂开始时间；（b） 地震矩释放率函数
Figure 5. Slip distribution obtained by using nodal plane I in the focal mechanism solution as the fault plane
（a） Slip distribution on the fault plane，where the black contours display the rupture initial time in second；（b） Seismic moment release rate as a function of time
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图 1 青藏高原东北缘构造背景和2010—2022年ML≥3.0地震分布
红色六角星为两次MS≥6.0地震的震中；沙滩球为MS≥5.0地震的震源机制解；右上角为研究区位置及地块运动方向示意图，图中红色箭头指示地块运动方向，黑色方框为研究区；左下角为 2022年1月门源MS6.9地震震中及周边（绿色方框）MS≥5.0地震的震源机制解，F1：肃南—祁连断裂，F2：托莱山断裂；F3：冷龙岭断裂
Figure 1. Tectonic settings and distribution of ML≥3.0 earthquakes from 2010 to 2022 in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau
The red stars are epicenters of two MS≥6.0 earthquakes，beach balls show focal mechanisms of the earthquakes with MS≥5.0. The upper-right inset gives the location of study area （black box） and the schematic illustration of block motion directions，where red arrows indicate the directions of block movements. The lower-left inset shows the epicenter of the January 2022 Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake and focal mechanism solutions of MS≥5.0 earthquakes in the surrounding region，F1：Su’nan-Qilian fault；F2：Tuolaishan fault；F3：Lenglongling fault
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图 2 本研究中用来反演震源机制解及破裂过程的地壳分层速度模型
Figure 2. Layered crustal velocity model used in the inversions of focal mechanism solution and rupture process in this study
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图 3 2022年1月门源MS6.9地震的余震分布
（a） 地表投影；（b） 在AB剖面上的投影；（c） 在CD剖面上的投影
Figure 3. Distribution of the aftershocks of the January 2022 Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake
（a） Projection of aftershocks on the surface；（b） Projection of aftershocks on the cross section AB； （c） Projection of aftershocks on the cross section CD
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图 4 门源地震震中位置及周边台站分布图（a）和以节面 Ⅰ 为断层面反演的波形拟合（b）
黑色与红色波形分别为观测波形与理论波形；每组波形上面给出了台站名称，从上至下分别为东西、南北、垂直三个分量，波形上的数字为最大振幅，单位为cm
Figure 4. The epicenter of Menyuan earthquake and distribution of surrounding stations （a） and waveform fitting when using nodal plane Ⅰ as the fault plane in slip distribution inversion （b）
Black and red traces are observed and synthetic waveforms，respectively. On the set of waveforms are the code of the station，and the waveforms are EW，SN and UD components from up to down. The number above each trace indicates the maximum amplitude of the data in unit of cm
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图 6 门源地震三维模型下的地震错动分布
Figure 6. The fault slip distribution in the 3D model of Menyuan earthquake
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