Analysis of characteristics and failure mechanism of Paodili seismic landslide in Qingchuan County
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摘要:
以“5·12”汶川地震诱发的青川县刨地里滑坡为例，现场调查了滑坡的地质特征，并基于离散元软件（UDEC）分析了1号滑坡动力响应及变形破坏过程，探讨了滑坡的成因机制。现场调查表明，刨地里1号滑坡具有近水平“上硬下软”的地层结构，其中石坎断层穿过了滑坡后缘；滑坡堆积体的岩性分带特征表明，刨地里1号滑坡下部千枚岩先于上部硅质岩被破坏，且破坏时间早于2号和3号滑坡；数值模拟研究揭示，峰值加速度放大效应在断层带附近的千枚岩内最强，其放大系数达6.79，导致下层千枚岩首先沿陡倾面产生拉裂破坏，随后上层硅质岩体产生拉裂破坏，结果与现场调查堆积物特征较吻合；断层和上硬下软的地层结构对刨地里滑坡动力响应、变形及破坏起到了控制作用。该研究可为上硬下软且含断层的地震滑坡的评价提供参考。
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关键词:
- “5·12”汶川地震 /
- 地震滑坡 /
- 上硬下软地层 /
- 石坎断层 /
- 成因机制
Abstract:The problem of slope stability in high-intensity mountainous area is prominent. It is of great significance to study the relationship between geological structure and strata structure and the triggering mechanism of landslide under earthquake action. In this paper, the geological characteristics of the landslide in Qingchuan County are investigated, and the dynamic response and deformation and failure process of the 1st landslide are analyzed based on discrete element software （UDEC）. The field investigation shows that the slope of Paodili 1st landslide has a near-horizontal “upper-hard, lower-soft” stratigraphic texture, in which faults pass through the back edge of the slope. The lithologic zonation of landslide deposits shows that the lower phyllite of Paodili 1st landslide was destroyed earlier than the upper siliceous rock, and the broken time was earlier than the 2nd and 3rd landslides. The numerical simulation research reveals that the peak acceleration amplification effect is strongest in phyllite near the fault zone, with an amplification factor of 6.79. This leads to the lower phyllite first experienced tensile failure along the steep dip surface, then the upper siliceous rock mass produced tension failure. The results are in good agreement with the characteristics of the deposits in the field investigation. The dynamic response, deformation, and failure of the landslide are controlled by the fault and the upper-hard, lower soft stratigraphic texture. This study can provide a reference for seismic landslides evaluation in regions characterized by faulting and “upper-hard, lower-soft” strata.
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图 1 刨地里滑坡地理位置图（修改自黄润秋等，2009）
Figure 1. Geographical location map of Paodili landslide （modified from Huang et al，2009）
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图 3 刨地里滑坡发育分布与堆积特征
（a） 硅质岩；（b） 擦痕；（c） 千枚岩；（d） 滑源区巨块石；（e） 硅质岩堆积区；（f） 假基岩体
Figure 3. Distribution and accumulation characteristics of Paodili landslide
（a） Siliceous rock；（b） Scratches；（c） Phyllite；（d） Large block stones in the sliding source area； （e） Siliceous rock accumulation area；（f） Pseudobasic rock mass
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图 5 石坎断层特征
（a） 断层面；（b） 断层角砾岩
Figure 5. Characteristics of Shikan fault
（a） Fault plane；（b） Fault breccia
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图 6 刨地里1号滑坡破坏过程演示图
（a） 斜坡震动强放大；（b） 下部岩体震裂破坏；（c） 上部岩体失稳滑动；（d） 运动堆积阶段
Figure 6. Destruction process demonstration diagram of Paodili 1st landslide
（a） Amplification effect of strong vibration on slope；（b） Seismic fracture failure of the lower rock structure；（c） Sliding after instability of the upper rock structure；（d） Motion and accumulation
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图 8 汶川地震广元石井监测台站速度时程
Figure 8. Velocity time history of Guangyuan Shijing monitoring station for Wenchuan earthquake
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图 9 最大不平衡力时间变化曲线
Figure 9. The variation curve of the maximum unbalanced force changing with time
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图 11 模型及其各时间点的运动状态
Figure 11. The model and its motion state at each time point
（a） t＝7 s；（b） t＝14 s；（c） t＝20 s；（d） t＝27 s；（e） t＝33 s；（f） t＝60 s
表 1 岩体力学参数
Table 1 Mechanics parameters of rock mass
岩性 密度/（kg·m−3） 黏聚力
/MPa内摩擦角
/°体积模量/GPa 剪切模量/GPa 强风化
岩体硅质岩 2 700 2.34 35 39.0 20.00 千枚岩 2 200 0.50 23 9.6 5.76 微新
岩体硅质岩 2 750 2.40 38 39.8 20.60 千枚岩 2 250 0.50 25 9.6 5.92 
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表 2 结构面力学参数
Table 2 Mechanics parameters of structural plane
界面 法向刚度/（GPa·m−1） 剪切刚度/（GPa·m−1） 内摩擦角/° 黏聚力/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 岩层面 2.32 1.33 30 1.23 0.41 节理面 1.90 1.20 29 0.50 0.30 断层面 1.81 0.92 26 0.48 0
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