Analysis of earthquake sequence and seismogenic structure of the 2023 MS6.2 Jishishan earthquake，Gansu Province，China
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摘要:
2023年12月18日23时59分，甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生了MS6.2强震，震中位于柴达木—祁连地块东北缘拉脊山断裂系南段。本文基于地震重新定位与震源机制和应力反演结果对此次地震的发震构造进行了分析，并对区域危险性进行了初步探讨。采用甘肃和青海地震台网的观测数据，利用双差定位方法对震后10天的地震序列进行重定位，共获得605个高精度定位结果，结果显示主震震中位置为（35.748°N，102.812°E），震源深度为16.4 km。余震序列主要分布在6—15 km深度处，水平分布上，在震源区域内呈长轴沿NW−SE向展布，逐渐向北转变为近NS向展布，深度剖面显示出断层倾向为NE向。应用FocMech-Flow自动化流程反演震源机制解，获得MS6.2主震的最佳双力偶解，节面Ⅰ走向302°、倾角58°、滑动角45°；节面Ⅱ走向 184°、倾角53°、滑动角138°。其中，节面Ⅰ走向与震源区附近余震展布方向一致，可判定其为发震断层面。应力场反演结果表明震源区应力性质主要为逆冲型，最大主应力轴为WSW−ENE向。结合区域重力异常和已有地质资料，判断此次地震的发震断层为积石山东缘断裂系中的一条较深的反冲断层，并将其命名为“大河家断裂”。现有历史地震资料表明，近二十年来柴达木—祁连地块发生的强震具有向东迁移的趋势，此次地震的发生，暗示出位于积石山东部的西秦岭北缘断裂带未来的强震危险性有所增加。
Abstract:On December 18th, 2023 at 23:59, an earthquake of MS6.2 occurred in Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province, with the epicenter located near the southern segment of the Lajishan fault system in the northeastern Qaidam-Qilian block. In this paper, we conducted the relocation, focal mechanism and stress inversion results to analyze the seismic structure and regional seismic risk. Using digital waveform data from the seismic networks of Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, the double-difference location algorithm was conducted on the earthquake sequence within 10 days after the earthquake.
A total of 605 high-precision relocated earthquakes were revealed and the epicenter of the mainshock was determined to be at （35.748°E, 102.812°N）, with a depth of 16.4 km. Most aftershocks located at depths of 6−15 km spreading along NW-SE direction near the mainshock epicenter, while some aftershocks gradually shift to a near NS direction to the north. Depth profile of aftershocks further suggests that the seismogenic fault plane dips to NE. By applying the FocMech-Flow automatic inversion of focal mechanism, the best double-couple solution for the MS6.2 mainshock was obtained. The parameters of two nodal planes are as follows: strike 302°, dip 58°, rake 45° for nodal plane I and strike 184°, dip 53°, rake 138° for nodal plane Ⅱ. Consistent with the direction of aftershock distribution near the mainshock, the plane Ⅰ is considered as the fault plane responsible for this earthquake. Stress field inversion results indicated that the stress in the epicenter belongs to thrust-type and the azimuth of σ1 axis orients WSW-ENE. Combining regional gravity anomaly and previous geological data, we suggest that the seismogenic fault is a deeply buried back thrust fault in the east Jishishan fault system and named it as “Dahejia fault”. Historical earthquake records in the Qaidam-Qilian block show that the strong earthquakes gradually migrate eastward in recent two decades. This earthquake further enhances the seismic hazards of the western Qinling fault to the east of Jishishan.
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图 3 余震序列重定位结果分布图
（a） 余震震中位置及断层分布图；（b−c） 震源沿AA’和BB’剖面的深度分布图，黄色阴影区为余震集中分布深度，红色条带为拟合的发震断层面
Figure 3. Relocation results of the aftershock sequence
（a） Distribution of the aftershock epicenters and regional faults；（b−c） Distribution of focal depth along profile AA’ and BB’，yellow shaded area represent the depth of most aftershocks，while the red shaded area shows the fit line of the fault plane
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图 1 积石山MS6.2地震区域主要断裂和历史地震分布图
（a） 柴达木—祁连地块主要活动断裂及历史地震分布图；（b） 震中区主要活动断裂及历史地震分布图（块体主要活动断裂及历史地震分布引自文献Tapponnier 等 （2001），Yuan 等 （2013），徐锡伟等 （2014），Li 等（2023a）GPS矢量引自Wang和Shen （2020）；烈度圈（等震线）引自甘肃省地震局（2023）
Figure 1. Maps showing the major active faults and epicenters of historical earthquakes in the regional area of Jishishan MS6.2 earthquake
（a） Map showing major active faults in epicenters of historical earthuqakes in Qaidam-Qilian block；（b） Map showing the active faults and epicenters of historic earthquakes in the region of Jishishan MS6.2 earthquakeFault trace is based on the map （Tapponnier et al，2001；Yuan et al，2013； Xu et al，2014；Li et al，2023a）；GPS vectors are from Wang and Shen （2020）；Isoseismal map from Gansu Earthquake Agency （2023）
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图 2 积石山MS6.2地震震中区域活动断层分布图
地层分布根据青海省地质矿产局（1991）绘制，区域断层数据由桂林理工大学陈立春提供，图中红色断层为本文推测的发震断层，基于遥感解译和野外调查确定
Figure 2. Maps showing the detailed active faults in the regional area of Jishishan MS6.2 earthquake
Stratigraphic distribution based on the map Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources （1991），fault traces provided by the Professor Chen Lichun from Guilin University of Technology，the red fault in the figure is the conjectural seismogenic faults determined by interpretation of remote sensing images and geological surveying
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图 4 2023年积石山MS6.2主震和12月18—21日M≥2.0余震的震源机制解
（a） 震源机制解空间分布，断层性质与图3a一致；（b） 震源机制分类三角图；（c） 应力场反演结果震源机制类型：蓝色代表逆冲型，紫红色为走滑型，黑色为正断型
Figure 4. Focal mechanism solutions of the Jishishan MS6.2 main shock and M≥2.0 after shocks during 18−21 December 2023
（a） Distribution of focal mechanism solutions，the fault type is consistent with fig.3a；（b） Triangular diagram of focal mechanism types；（c） Stress field inversion results. Focal mechanisms：Blue represents thrust type， purple represents strike-slip type，black represents normal type
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图 5 研究区布格重力异常∆G （a）和断裂倾角β图（b）
Figure 5. Bouguer gravity anomalies ∆G （a） and dip angle β distribution map （b） of the study area
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图 6 大河家断裂野外特征照片（照片位置见图2）
大河家断裂南（a）、北（c）段断层野外照片和大河家断裂断层面擦痕（b，d）指示了逆冲兼左旋滑的运动特征。图（a−b）位置由中国地震局地质研究所郭鹏提供，图（c−d）由青海省地震局李智敏提供
Figure 6. Field photos of Dahejia fault （location in fig.2）
Figs.（a，c） are field photos of Dahejia fault in the southern and northern section；Figs.（b，d） are lineation on the fault plane show-ing the thrust with left-lateral slip component of Dahejia fault. Location of Figs.（a−b） are provided by Guo Peng from the Institute of Geology，China Earthquake Administration； Figs.（c−d） are provided by Li Zhimin from Qinghai Earthquake Agency
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图 8 柴达木—祁连块体构造运动与变形模式图
（a） 柴达木—祁连地块活动断裂与历史地震分布图，修改自Li 等（2023a）；（b） 印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞下的青藏高原向东逃逸运动学模型，修改自Tapponnier和Molnar （1976）及Wang等（2022a）. 橘色条带为近年来柴达木—祁连地块的强震向东迁移趋势，蓝色箭头代表GPS滑动矢量，棕色、红色箭头分别代表北向和东向的运动分量，GPS矢量据引自Wang和Shen （2020）
Figure 8. Model showing Qidam-Qilian block motion and the structural deformation pattern
（a） Active faults and historical earthquaks in Qaidam-Qilian block，modified from Li et al （2023a）；（b） Extrusion model of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau under the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates，modified from Tapponnier ，Molnar （1976） and Wang et al （2022a）. The orange bands show the eastward moving trend of strong earthquakes in the Qidam-Qilian block. The blue arrow represents the GPS vector，and the brown and red arrows represent the northern and eastern components of movement，respectively. The GPS vector is based on Wang and Shen （2020）
表 1 震区应力场反演结果表
Table 1 Stress field inversion results in Jishishan area
应力 方位角/° 倾角/° σ1 244.30±6.86 3.67 σ2 152.77±12.26 22.63 σ3 343.01±11.95 67.04 
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