雁列式断层变形与失稳过程的实验研究
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF DEFORMATION AND INSTABILITY FOR EN-ECHELON FAULTS
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摘要: 利用AE(Acoustic Emission, 声发射)定位、能量-时间序列扫描, 以及动态应力、位移测量技术, 系统观测了不同雁列式断层变形失稳的时间-空间动态过程, 以期对这类地震的发生发展与相伴随的各种前兆现象有所认识.Abstract: Twelve models of en-echelon faults with different geometries were designed to study the process of deformation.The spatial and temporal process of acoustic emission, fault displacement, orientation and magnitude of principal stress in the staggered area were observed during the fracturing of the specimen. It was found that AEsequence, AEdistribution and precursory form for mode LL (Left lateral shearing, Left stepping offset) were quite different from mode LR (Left lateral shearing, Right stepping offset). The main differences are as follows:1) For mode LL, foreshocks swarm in the staggered area, where the main earthquake will take place, and migrate gradually towards the epicenter of the main shock. As opposed to this the foreshocks for mode LRoccur around the staggered area without the migrating trend towards the epicenter of the main shock and an AEgap is delineated in the center.2) For mode LL, the foreshocks are frequent and their magnitude greater. The energy of the main shock is only about 10 times as large as the total energy of the foreshocks. For mode LR, the foreshocks are rare and the energy of the main shock is about 100 times as large as the total energy of the foreshocks. The energy of the main shock for the mode LRis one magnitude greater than that for mode LL.3) The fault displacement of mode LLaccelarated gradually and the acceleration becomes much larger just before the main rupture. At the tip of the fault the acceleration is the largest. The displacement rate of mode LRkeeps constant almost during the whole process.4) The staggered area of mode LLis in a strong tensile stress and weak shear stress state. As a result of microcraking, the axis of principal stress rotates about 4590 in the staggered area just before the main shock. At the same time, the value of the tensile stress decreases. On the contrary, the staggered area of mode LRis in a strong compress and shear stress state. The axis of stress is steady before the main shock, but the compret.sive stress intensifies violently.
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[2] 马宗晋, 节理力学性质的判别及其分期、配套的初步研究, 构造地质问题, 科学出版社, 1965.
[3] Bomblakis, E. G., Study of the bride fracture process under uniaxial compression, Tcc, onophysics, 18, 261——270, 1973.
[4] Mcgarr, A., Observation and analysis of structure in exhumed mine——induced faults, proceedings of conference VIII 1979 Analysis of Actual fault zones in bedrock, 101——120, 1979.
[5] Brace, W. F., A note on brittle crack growth in compression, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3709——3713, 1963.
[6] 李建国、昊秀泉、张渤涛、刘天昌, 在围压条件下切口岩石破裂过程的实验研究, 地震地质, 6, 75——80, 1984.
[7] Segau, P. anti D. 17. Pouard, Mechanics of discontinuous faults, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 4337——4350, 1980.
[8] 刘力强, 实验室声发射到时数据定位处理方法, 华北地震科学, 待发表.
[9] 杜异军、马瑾、李建国, 雁列式裂纹的相互作用及其稳定性, 地球物理学报, 待发表.
[10] 许绍燮、沈佩文, 北京周围地区地震的分布特点与地壳屈曲, 地震学报, 2, 153—— 168, 1980.
[11] 陈章立、刘蒲雄、黄德瑜、郑大林、薛峰、王志东, 大震前区域地震活动特征, 国际地震预报讨论会文选, 197——205, 地震出版社, 1981.
[12] 刘蒲雄, 大震前地震活动的增强特征, 地震, 1982 , 2: 5——20.
[13] Mogi, K, , Two kinds of seismic gaps, Pmre and Appl. Geophys., 117, 1172——1186, 1979.
[14] Habermann, R. E., A Gap Is……, Bull. seism. Sac. Amen, 73, No.5, Letter to the Editor, 1983.
[15] 力武常次, 前震震中确实向主震震中迁移吗? 世界地震译丛, 1983, 5: 1——8.
[16] 力武常次, 地震预报, 114——115地震出版社, 1978.
[17] 顾浩鼎、陈运泰、高祥林、赵毅, 2975年2月4日辽宁海城地震的震源机制解, 地球物理学报, 19, 270——28, 4 1976.
[18] 成尔林、李桂芳、陈和川, 1976年四川省松藩一平武7.2级地震前后主压应力轴的方向特征, 地震学报, 4, 136——148, 1982.
[19] Sadovsky, M. A., The process proceeding strong earthquakes in some region of middle aria, Tecdonopysics, 14, 295——307, 1972.
[20] Gupta, I. N., Precursory reorientation of stress axies due to vertical migration of seismic activity J. Geophys. Res., 82, Z72——273, 1975.
[21] Btady, B, T., Theory of earthquake, II, Inclusion 'theory of Crustal earthquake, Prrre Appl. Geophy., 113, 149——168, 1975. -
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