Multi-source remote sensing characteristics and mechanism analyses of building seismic damages
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摘要: 随着遥感信息源的不断增加，多种遥感数据被用于详细判读建筑物的震害情况.为准确判读震害等级与建立震害自动识别模式，本文收集整理了汶川地震震区的震害遥感图像，通过目视判读、图像处理、统计分析，重点分析了各类震害建筑物在光学影像中的特征表现、在合成孔径雷达图像中的成像机理特征以及在激光雷达图像中的三维特征.在此基础上构建了建筑物简化模型，并联合光学影像和雷达图像对震害建筑物的影像特征剖面予以分析.结果显示：光学遥感图像色彩信息符合人眼色觉原理，具有较好的直观判读效果；合成孔径雷达图像能够记录地物侧面、表面的粗糙程度和角反射特点，信息量丰富但不直观；激光雷达图像能获取建筑物的三维信息，因此震害评估工作中需有效地综合利用多源遥感数据，才能实现最佳的判识效果.Abstract: With the increasing of remote sensing information sources, a variety of remote sensing data are used to interpret the seismic damage of buildings in seismic damage assessment. In order to accurately interpret the seismic damage grade and establish the automatic identification model, this paper focuses on the analyses of the characteristics of all kinds of buildings in the optical images, the imaging characteristics of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and the three-dimensional characteristics of the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) images by means of visual interpretation, image processing, statistical analyses after collecting the remote sensing images of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and MS7.1 Yushu earthquake in 2010. Furthermore, several simplified models of the building are constructed, and the profile features of the images involving many kinds destroyed building are analyzed in combination with the images from optical and radar sensors. The related study results show that the color information from optical remote sensing image is in accordance with the human eye color principle, which is propitious to obtain better interpretation of results; the SAR image can reflect the features of side/surface roughness and angle reflection; LiDAR image can obtain the three-dimensional information of the building. Therefore, the multi-source remote sensing data should be integrated effectively so as to achieve the best effect in seismic damage assessment.
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图 1 汶川地震都江堰地区震后光学影像
(a) 基本完好建筑物；(b) 中等破坏建筑物；(c) 毁坏建筑物
Figure 1. Optical images of Dujiangyan area after the Wenchuan earthquake
(a) Intact building; (b) Moderately damaged building; (c) Destroyed building
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图 2 完好建筑物SAR图像成像示例
A为叠掩区，B为角反射区，C为屋顶反射区，D为阴影区，θ为入射角
Figure 2. SAR imaging of intact buildings
A represents the layover area, B represents the angular reflection area, C represents the roof reflection area, D represents the shadow area, and θ represents incident angle
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图 3 不同分辨率SAR图像中的建筑 (区)
(a) 分辨率为20 m的ENVISAT ASAR图像; (b) 分辨率为8 m的RADARSAT-1图像; (c) 分辨率为3 m的TerraSAR-X图像；(d) 分辨率为1 m的COSMO-SkyMed图像
Figure 3. The building samples in different resolution SAR images
(a) 20 m-resolution ENVISAT ASAR image; (b) 8 m-resolution RADARSAT-1 image; (c) 3 m-resolution TerraSAR-X image; (d) 1 m-resolution COSMO-SkyMed image
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图 4 建筑物震害散射特征示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of scatter characteristics of earthquake-damaged buildings
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图 5 汶川地震都江堰地区中等破坏建筑物光学图像与SAR图像
(a) 震前谷歌图像；(b) 震后航片；(c) 震后COSMO-SkyMed图像
Figure 5. Optical image and SAR image of moderately damaged buildings in Dujiangyan area after the Wenchuan earthquake
(a) Google image before the earthquake; (b) Aerial image after the earthquake; (c) COSMO-SkyMed image after the earthquake
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图 6 屋顶破坏建筑物光学图像 (a) 与SAR图像 (b).
红色框表示建筑物破坏区域
Figure 6. Optical image (a) and SAR image (b) of roof-damaged building
The damaged buildings are delineated by red squares
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图 7 毁坏建筑物震害散射特征示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of scatter characteristics of destroyed buildings
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图 8 毁坏建筑物 (红圈内) SAR图像
Figure 8. SAR image of destroyed buildings delineated by red circles
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图 9 结构破坏建筑物的LiDAR三维几何特征示意图
(a) 顶面倾斜的建筑物; (b) 底层平行倒塌的建筑物
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of LiDAR three-dimensional geometry for buildings with structural destruction
(a) A building with inclined top; (b) A building with parallel collapsed bottom
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图 10 倒塌建筑物的LiDAR三维几何示意图
(a) 完全垮塌建筑物 (杂乱无章); (b) 完全垮塌建筑物 (似有外形)
Figure 10. Schematic diagram of LiDAR three-dimensional geometry for collapsed buildings
(a) Completely collapsed building (disorderly and unsystematic); (b) Completely collapsed building (seems to have a shape)
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图 11 墙体破坏建筑物的的LiDAR三维几何示意图
(a) 建筑物墙体开裂；(b) 建筑物中部截断
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of LiDAR three-dimensional geometry for wall-damaged buildings
(a) Building with wall crack; (b) Middle-cut building
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图 12 大跨度破坏建筑物的LiDAR三维几何示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of LiDAR three-dimensional geometry for a large-span damaged building
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图 13 平顶建筑物SAR图像特征示意图 (金鼎坚，2012)
(a) θ＜arctan (h/w); (b) θ＞arctan (h/w)θ表示雷达入射角，w表示建筑物侧面宽度，h表示建筑物高度，g表示地面后向散射，c表示角反射，f表示墙面后向散射，r表示屋顶后向散射，s表示阴影.第二行表示地距图像上雷达回波的组成，条带高度表示回波的相对强度
Figure 13. Schematic diagram of SAR image of flat-top buildings
(a) θ < arctan (h/w); (b) θ > arctan (h/w) θ represents incident angle of radar, w represents building side width, h represents building height, g represents ground backscattering, c represents angle reflection, f represents wall backscattering, r represents roof backscattering, s represents shadow. The second line represents the composition of radar echoes on the ground image, and the height of the strip indicates the relative intensity of the echo
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图 14 多层平顶建筑物的光学图像
(a)、SAR图像 (b) 与实地调查照片 (c) 图 (b) 中红色箭头表示视线方向，红色条带表示剖面线位置
Figure 14. Optical image (a), SAR image (b) and field survey image (c) of a multilayer flat-top building
In Fig.(b), red arrow indicates direction of sight, and the red stripe represents the location of the profile line
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图 15 θ＜arctan (h/w) 时的建筑物剖面线
A为屋前地面散射部分；B为叠掩 (由地面回波、墙面回波和屋顶回波叠加形成) 部分，且存在地面和墙面形成的角反射效应；C为阴影部分；D为屋后地面散射部分
Figure 15. Building profile line on the condition of θ < arctan (h/w)
A represents ground scattering in front of house; B represent layerover (formed by ground echo, wall echo and roof echo), and there is an angle reflection effect formed by ground and wall; C represents shadow; D represents ground scattering behind the house
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图 16 平顶建筑物的光学图像 (a)、SAR图像 (b) 与实地调查照片 (c)
图 (b) 中红色箭头表示视线方向，红色条带表示剖面线位置
Figure 16. Optical image (a), SAR image (b) and field survey image (c) of the flat-top building
In Fig.(b), red arrow indicates direction of sight, and the red stripe represents the location of the profile line
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图 17 θ＞arctan (h/w) 时的建筑物剖面线
A为屋前地面散射部分；B为叠掩 (由地面回波、墙面回波和屋顶回波叠加形成) 部分，且存在地面和墙面形成的角反射效应；C为屋顶散射部分；D为阴影部分；E为屋后地面散射部分
Figure 17. Building profile on the condition of θ > arctan (h/w)
A represents ground scattering in front of house; Brepresents layerover (formed by ground echo, wall echo and roof echo), and there is an angle reflection effect formed by ground and wall; C represents roof scattering; D represents shadow; E represents ground scattering behind the house
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图 18 尖顶建筑物SAR图像特征示意图. (a) θ＜α；(b) θ＞α
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of SAR image of a spire building. (a) θ < α; (b) θ > α
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图 19 尖顶建筑物的光学图像 (a)、SAR图像 (b) 和实地调查照片 (c)
图 (b) 中，红色箭头表示视线方向，红色条带表示剖面线位置
Figure 19. Optical image (a), SAR image (b) and field survey image (c) of the spire building
In Fig.(b), red arrow indicates direction of sight, and the red stripe represents the location of the profile line
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图 20 θ＞α时建筑物剖面图
A为地面散射部分; B为叠掩 (包括地面回波、墙面回波和正面屋顶回波叠加组成) 部分，且存在地面和墙面形成的角反射效应；C为屋顶散射部分; D为阴影部分; E为屋后地面散射部分
Figure 20. Building profile on the condition of θ > α
A represents ground scattering; B represents layerover (formed by ground echo, wall echo and roof echo), and there is an angle reflection effect formed by ground and wall, C represents roof scattering, D represents shadow, E represents ground scattering behind the house
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图 21 损毁建筑物的光学图像 (a)、SAR图像 (b) 和SAR图像剖面线分析图 (c)
图 (c) 中AA′为垂直于损毁建筑物屋顶的剖面
Figure 21. Optical image (a), SAR image (b) and SAR image profile (c) of the destroyed building
In Fig.(c), AA′ is a profile perpendicular to the roof of the destroyed building
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图 22 损毁建筑物光学图像 (a)、SAR图像 (b) 和SAR图像剖面线分析图 (c)
图 (c) 中AA′为垂直于损毁建筑物屋顶的剖面
Figure 22. Optical image (a), SAR image (b) and SAR image profile (c) of the destroyed building
In Fig.(c), AA′ is a profile perpendicular to the roof of the destroyed building
表 1 宏观地面调查与遥感震害调查的建筑物震害类型对应表
Table 1 The correspondence of seismic damage types between macroscopic ground investigation and remote sensing investigation
序号 宏观地面调查分类 遥感震害调查分类 1 基本完好 2 轻微破坏 基本完好 3 中等破坏 4 严重破坏 中等破坏 5 毁坏 毁坏 
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