Numerical simulation of near-field pulse-like ground motion for the Shuantung fault in Taiwan region
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摘要: 根据我国台湾地区西部的地质地貌特征和1999年集集MW7.6地震的震源参数，建立了三维速度结构模型和两类震源模型。基于地壳中断层的位错积累量和岩石破裂后应力应变的传播特性，采用三维有限差分法对双冬断层活动可能产生的近场脉冲型地震动进行了模拟研究。结果表明：走滑断层垂直于断层走向的水平分量和逆断层垂直分量的峰值速度较大；由方向性效应所产生的双向速度脉冲主要集中在垂直于断层滑动分量方向，而由滑冲效应所产生的单向速度脉冲则主要集中在平行于断层滑动分量的方向；受方向性效应和上盘效应的共同制约，近场脉冲型地震动呈不对称带状分布，速度脉冲多分布在距离走滑断层迹线15 km和逆断层迹线10 km的范围内；速度反应谱在断层面的覆盖范围内沿破裂方向逐渐增大，且速度脉冲可能会对大型建筑物产生严重的剪切破坏。受凹凸体特性的影响，地震波场显示南投、台中和苗栗处于强地震动危险区。Abstract: Based on the geological and geomorphological characteristics of western Taiwan and the source parameters of the 1999 MW7.6 Jiji （Chi-Chi） earthquake, we have established a 3D velocity structure model and two types of source models. Based on the accumulation of dislocation in the crust and the propagation characteristics of stress and strain after the rock fracture, 3D finite difference method was used to simulate the near-field pulse-like ground motion that would occur in the Shuantung fault activity. The results show that the peak velocity of the horizontal component perpendicular to the fault strike of the strike-slip fault is large, and so is the peak velocity of the vertical component of the reverse fault. The double-sided velocity pulses generated by the directivity effect are mainly concentrated in the direction perpendicular to the fault sliding component, while the single-sided velocity pulses generated by the fling-step effect are mainly concentrated in the direction parallel to the fault sliding component. Because of the mutual control of the directivity effect and the hanging wall effect, the near-field pulse-like ground motions exhibit an asymmetrical zonal distribution, and the velocity pulses mostly distributed within 15 km from the strike-slip fault trace and 10 km from the reverse fault trace. The velocity response spectrum gradually increases along the rupture direction within the coverage of the fault plane, and the velocity pulse may cause severe shear damage to large buildings. Influenced by the characteristics of the asperities, the seismic wave field shows that Nantou, Taichung, and Miaoli are in risk region of strong ground motion.
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图 1 研究区内断层分布和本文假设断层面在地表的投影
Figure 1. The distribution of faults （solid lines） in the studied area and the projection of the fault plane at the surface （dashed box） assumed in this paper
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图 2 断层模型示意图
红色区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别表示两个凹凸体，蓝色弧线表示破裂方式及传播时间
Figure 2. Sketch of the fault model
The red areas Ⅰ and Ⅱ indicate two asperities，the blue arc indicates the rupture model and propagation time
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图 3 走滑断层（a）和逆断层（b）在多个台站的三分量速度时程
每个子图中从上到下为C5，D5，···，J5等台站相应的速度时程，PGV的单位为cm/s
Figure 3. Three-component velocity time histories at the stations for strike-slip fault （a） and reverse fault （b）
Each subgraph from top to bottom corresponds to the velocity time history of stations such as C5，D5，···，J5，the unit of PGV is cm/s
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图 4 走滑断层（a）和逆断层（b）上盘内的台站三分量峰值速度（PGV）沿垂直于断层走向的变化
Figure 4. Variation of three-component peak ground velocity （PGV） along the direction perpendicular to the fault strike at the stations of the hanging wall for strike-slip fault （a） and reverse fault （b）
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图 5 走滑断层（蓝色实线）和逆断层（红色虚线）上盘内的台站三分量峰值速度（PGV）沿断层走向的变化
Figure 5. Variation of three-component peak ground velocity （PGV） along the fault strike on the hanging wall for strike-slip fault （blue solid line） and reverse fault （red dashed line）
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图 6 真实地震和模拟地震的脉冲记录随断层距的分布
Figure 6. Distribution of pulse recordings with fault distance for the real earthquakes and simulated earthquakes
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图 7 走滑断层（a）和逆断层（b）的峰值速度（PGV）等值线图
Figure 7. Peak ground velocity contour maps of strike-slip fault （a） and reverse fault （b）
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图 8 走滑断层（a）和逆断层（b）在C5−J5台站的三分量速度反应谱
Figure 8. Three-component velocity response spectrum at the stations of C5−J5 for strike-slip fault （a） and reverse fault （b）
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图 9 走滑断层在地震过程中不同时刻的地面运动波场快照
Figure 9. Snapshots of the wave field at different moments for the ground motion of strike-slip fault
表 1 研究区域地壳参数
Table 1 Structure parameters for the studied area
层序号 深度/km vP/（km·s−1） vS/（km·s−1） 密度/（103 kg·m−3） Q 1 2 4.66 2.57 2.25 250 2 5 5.45 2.67 2.45 250 3 10 5.76 2.88 2.55 300 4 15 6.15 3.31 2.60 300 5 25 6.71 3.72 2.90 500 6 30 7.11 4.07 3.15 500 
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表 2 真实脉冲型地震记录的参数
Table 2 Parameters of pulse-like earthquakes
地震名称 发震日期 MW 记录数 帝王谷地震 1979−10−15 6.5 15 北岭地震 1994−01−17 6.7 11 集集地震 1999−09−21 7.6 26
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1. 罗全波，陈学良，高孟潭，李宗超，李铁飞. 集集地震近断层速度脉冲分析. 国际地震动态. 2019(10): 2-11 . 
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