Gas emission from active fault zones around the Jilantai faulted depression basin and its implications for fault activities
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摘要: 为了研究吉兰泰断陷盆地周缘断裂带气体排放及其对断层活动性的指示意义，在盆地周缘4条活动断裂上布设了5条土壤气测量剖面和1条电磁测量剖面，观测了土壤气中Rn，Hg和CO2的浓度、释放通量和地电阻率，对各测量剖面进行了土壤化学组分分析，计算得到了断层活动性相对指数KQ。研究结果显示：土壤气体CO2和Rn受渗透性较低的粉砂土阻挡，主要沿结构破碎的断层上盘逃逸，并形成浓度高峰；吉兰泰盆地南缘土壤气Rn，Hg和CO2的浓度和释放通量最高，可能与盆地西南缘花岗岩中U和Ra的运移以及盆地南缘碳酸盐岩的分解有一定的关系。各测量剖面的断层活动性相对指数KQ值的变化特征表明，正断层和逆断层的KQ值大于走滑断层，且巴彦乌拉山山前断裂上的KQ值最高，揭示其活动性最强，有可能是地震发生的潜在危险区。Abstract: Soil gases from fault zones are good indicators of tectonic and seismic activities, to which many seismologists and geochemists have been paid much attention. Five measuring sections for soil gas and one for earth resistivity were designed on the four active faults around the Jilantai basin, northwestern China. The data of earth resistivity, concentration and flux of soil gases Rn, Hg and CO2 were attained, and the chemical compositions of soil were analyzed in all sections and the relative index KQ of fault activity was calculated. All the results showed that soil gases CO2 and Rn were blocked by sandy soil layers with low permeability and escaped along the hanging wall of the faults with broken structures, easily forming concentration peaks. High concentrations and fluxes of Rn, Hg and CO2 were distributed in the southern margin of the Jilantai basin, which might be related to the migration of U and Ra in granites in southwestern margin of the basin and the decomposition of local carbonate rocks in south margin of the basin. The variation characteristics of relative index KQ of fault activity in each section indicated normal and reverse faults with higher KQ values than strike-slip faults. The maximum KQ value was observed in the piedmont fault of Bayanwula mountains, probably indicating that this fault is of the strongest activity and is also a potential area of high seismic hazards.
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Keywords:
- Jilantai faulted depression basin /
- fault zone /
- soil gases /
- geochemistry /
- flux /
- fault activity
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图 1 研究区构造简图和1970年7月19日至2018年6月10日的地震分布（a）以及垂向剖面AA' 简图（b）
F1：巴彦乌拉山山前断裂；F2：狼山山前断裂；F3：桌子山西缘断裂；F4：正谊关断裂
Figure 1. The tectonic settings and distribution of earthquakes from 19 July 1970 to 10 June 2018 in the studied area （a） and the vertical profile AA' （b）
F1：Bayanwula mountain Piedmont fault；F2：Langshan mountain Piedmont fault；F3：Zhuozi mountain Western margin fault of；F4：Zhengyiguan fault
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图 2 土壤气浓度和通量布点示意图
Figure 2. Measuring sites for the concentration and flux of soil gases
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图 4 BYWL剖面测线1 （左）和2 （右）上的土壤气浓度Q变化曲线
Figure 4. Soil gas concentration Q curves of measuring lines 1 （left panels） and 2 （right panels） on the section BYWL
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图 8 ZYG剖面测线1 （左）和2 （右）上的土壤气浓度变化曲线
Figure 8. Soil gas concentration curves of measuring lines 1 （left panels） and 2 （right panels） on the section ZYG
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图 5 WLBX剖面测线1 （左）和2 （右）上的土壤气浓度变化曲线
Figure 5. Soil gas concentration curves of measuring lines 1 （left panels） and 2 （right panels） on the section WLBX
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图 6 NRWBEGC剖面测线上的土壤气浓度变化曲线
Figure 6. Soil gas concentration curves of measuring line on the section NRWBEGC
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图 7 DLG剖面测线1 （左）和2 （右）上的土壤气浓度变化曲线
Figure 7. Soil gas concentration curves of measuring lines 1 （left panels） and 2 （right panels） on the section DLG
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图 9 WLBX剖面物探布线（左）和电阻率层析成像图（右）
Figure 9. Layout map of geophysical prospecting line （left） and the electric resistivitytomography for the section WLBX （right）
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图 10 电阻率层析成像刻面图（a）与WLBX剖面的气体浓度曲线图（b）
图中Rn，Hg和CO2浓度为两条测线上浓度的平均值
Figure 10. The electric resistivity tomography （a） and the concentration curves （b） for the section WLBX
The concentrations of Rn，Hg and CO2 are the average concentrations on the two measuring lines
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图 12 各测点断层气浓度Q和释放通量F的空间分布示意图
Figure 12. Spatial distribution map of concentration Q and flux F of fault gases at all the measuring sites
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图 13 研究区气体排放模型图
Figure 13. Schematic diagram for gas degassing model of the studied area
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图 14 中国不同地区土壤气浓度和释放通量对比图
数据引自Li等（2013），Zhou等（2016）和杨江（2018）
Figure 14. Contrast map of concentrations and fluxes of soil gases from different places in China
Data is after Li et al （2013），Zhou et al （2016） and Yang （2018）
表 1 土壤气Rn，Hg和CO2测量剖面基本信息
Table 1 Basic information about the measurement sections for soil gases Rn，Hg and CO2
剖面 剖面编号 断裂 断裂编号 断裂性质 北纬/° 东经/° 巴彦乌拉 BYWL 巴彦乌拉山山前断裂 F1 正断层 39.5 105.2 乌兰巴兴 WLBX 狼山山前断裂 F2 正断层 40.4 106.2 那仁乌布尔嘎查 NRWBEGC 狼山山前断裂 F2 正断层 40.9 106.6 大路盖 DLG 桌子山西缘断裂 F3 逆断层 40.0 106.8 正义关 ZYG 正谊关断裂 F4 左旋走滑 39.3 106.7 注：土壤气剖面的经纬度是测线中央（剖面与断层相交处）的经纬度。 
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表 2 土壤气Rn，Hg和CO2浓度的测量结果
Table 2 Measurement results of the concentrations of soil gases Rn，Hg and CO2
测线编号 测项 Qmean σ Qmean＋σ/2 Qmean－σ/2 Qmax Qmin KQ BYWL-1 CO2 0.08% 0.03 0.09% 0.07% 0.14% 0.06% 2.33 BYWL-2 0.11% 0.04 0.13% 0.09% 0.18% 0.04% 4.50 DLG-1 0.10% 0.02 0.11% 0.08% 0.14% 0.06% 2.33 DLG-2 0.10% 0.04 0.12% 0.08% 0.23% 0.07% 3.29 NRWBEGC-1 0.22% 0.06 0.25% 0.19% 0.38% 0.14% 2.71 WLBX-1 0.14% 0.05 0.16% 0.11% 0.28% 0.11% 2.55 WLBX-2 0.12% 0.03 0.13% 0.10% 0.16% 0.07% 2.29 ZYG-1 0.23% 0.06 0.26% 0.20% 0.32% 0.16% 2.00 ZYG-2 0.22% 0.06 0.25% 0.19% 0.36% 0.15% 2.48 BYWL-1 Hg 13 6 16 10 30 6 5.00 BYWL-2 10 3 11 8 15 6 2.50 DLG-1 12 4 14 10 24 8 3.00 DLG-2 12 3 13 11 19 8 2.38 NRWBEGC-1 10 4 12 8 18 4 4.50 WLBX-1 10 3 11 8 16 8 2.13 WLBX-2 10 3 11 9 15 7 2.14 ZYG-1 9 2 10 8 12 7 1.85 ZYG-2 11 3 12 9 15 7 2.14 BYWL-1 Rn 9.784 6.768 13.168 6.400 27.827 4.403 6.32 BYWL-2 16.966 18.015 25.973 7.958 60.091 3.974 15.12 DLG-1 2.486 1.099 3.036 1.937 4.975 0.739 6.73 DLG-2 2.417 0.947 2.891 1.944 4.381 1.008 4.35 NRWBEGC-1 9.394 2.899 10.843 7.944 13.376 5.818 2.30 WLBX-1 2.215 0.417 2.423 2.007 2.842 1.643 1.73 WLBX-2 2.018 0.674 2.355 1.681 3.764 0.739 5.09 ZYG-1 7.058 2.409 8.263 5.854 10.420 3.833 2.72 ZYG-2 7.289 1.970 8.274 6.304 10.822 4.706 2.30 注：Rn和Hg的浓度Q的单位分别为kBq·m−3和ng·m−3；Qmean，σ，Qmean＋σ/2，Qmean－σ/2，Qmax和Qmin分别为每条测线上浓度的平均值、标准偏差、异常上限、异常下限、最大值和最小值；KQ为断层活动性指数。
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表 3 土壤气剖面的平均浓度Q和释放通量F
Table 3 The average values of concentration Q and flux F at each soil gas section
剖面 FCO2/（g·m−2·d−1） FRn/（mBq·m−2·s−1） FHg/（ng·m−2·h−1） QCO2 QRn/（kBq·m−3） QHg/（ng·m−3） BYWL 11.76 39.07 7.46 0.09% 13.375 11 ZYG 15.17 12.71 0 0.23% 7.174 10 DLG 10.52 22.82 0 0.10% 2.452 12 NRWBEGC 9.38 17.25 3.69 0.22% 9.394 10 WLBX 6.54 5.17 0.62 0.13% 2.117 10 平均值 10.67 19.40 2.35 0.15% 6.902 11
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表 4 土样化学组分分析测试结果
Table 4 The test results of chemical composition analysis of soil samples
剖面 CU/（Bq·kg−1） CTh/（Bq·kg−1） CRa/（Bq·kg−1） CK/（Bq·kg−1） TC含量 CHg/（ng·g−1） BYWL 39.8 46.2 28.7 616 0.972% 1.54 DLG 24.2 36.8 23.7 546 0.762% 13.30 NRWBEGC 40.2 52.7 30.6 944 0.163% 5.67 WLBX 17.6 17.6 13.0 553 0.577% 5.85 ZYG 8.1 44.5 27.2 559 2.420% 28.90 注：所采土样于2017年8月由核工业地质研究所进行检测；C为质量活度。
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