Signature and physical mechanism of borehole dilatometers in response to super typhoon Lekima in southeastern coastal area of China
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摘要: 依据超强台风 “利奇马” 的强度和时空演变特征，本文采用经验模态分解等方法系统地分析并揭示了该台风对我国东南沿海地区钻孔体应变影响的全貌，并在此基础上对台风扰动的机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明：① 台风演变过程中漏斗状的长周期气压波动，是造成钻孔体应变大幅张性变化的物理成因，且体应变对台风低压系统具有即时的线弹性响应特征，其变化形态与气压漏斗高度相似，弹性变形的持续时间与气压波动的历时较一致；② 在周期为103 h时，−18.2 hPa的气压变幅便可在地下62 m深处产生高达−112.1×10−9的体应变，该频点的气压影响系数为6.2×10−9/hPa；③ 在空间上，台风中心在980 km以外便能影响体应变观测，且随着台风的不断逼近或远离，其影响程度也相应地逐渐增强或减弱。
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关键词:
- 超强台风 “利奇马” /
- 钻孔体应变 /
- 东南沿海 /
- 气压负荷 /
- 台风暴雨
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate how volumetric strain and super typhoon Lekima interact with each other. By combining the intensity and spatio-temporal evolution of Lekima, we systematically analyze the extracted volumetric deformation of shallow crust at five stations in the southeastern coastal area of China induced by Lekima using a decomposition analysis called the empirical mode decomposition （EMD）. Furthermore, we discuss the physical mechanism of typhoon-induced volumetric strain. The results show that: ① The super typhoon’s signature consists in a ground dilatation due to barometric pressure drop drastically, generally followed by a ground compression due to the barometric pressure recovery. The dynamic patterns for the volumetric strain and the barometric pressure are both similar to the symme-trical funnel, and the response of volumetric strain to the barometric pressure is almost instant and linear. In addition, the durations are nearly equivalent for both of them. ② The maximum magnitude in volumetric strain induced by barometric pressure with fluctuation of −18.2 hPa can reach up to −112.1×10−9 in the 62 m deep borehole, and the corresponding coefficient of barometric pressure response is about 6.2×10−9/hPa at the 103-hour period. ③ Obviously, the dilatometer records can be remotely disturbed by super typhoon at a distance of approximately 980 km away from the borehole site. When the typhoon center approaches or moves away from the borehole site, the dilatational magnitude of borehole strain will increase or decrease correspondingly. The obtained results can be used not only for identifying and determining reasonably the physical mechanism of anomalous changes induced by typhoon in low-frequency range for southeastern coastal and inland areas in China, but also for contributing the reliably observational evidences to the theoretical model research for the volumetric strain in response to barometric pressure in the low-frequency range. -
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图 1 超强台风 “利奇马” 的最佳路径和强度演变及东南沿海地区钻孔体应变台和气象站位置
Figure 1. The best track and intensity （colored circles） of super typhoon Lekima （from 14:00 BJT on 4 August 2019 to 11:00 BJT on 13 August 2019，equally spaced at 1 h or 3 h，respectively） marked with time as well as locations of borehole dilatometer stations （black triangles）and meteorological stations （green triangles） in southeastern coastal area of China
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图 2 5个钻孔体应变台记录的 “利奇马” 低频扰动曲线
Figure 2. The low-frequency signatures of super typhoon Lekima recorded by the borehole dilatometers at five stations during 1−17 August 2019
Time series after linear curves are removed from the original one-minute-sampled volumetric strain data （black lines），and red lines show the trends of long-period changes in volumetric strain. The vertical left and right dashed lines mark the timing of Lekima's initiation and first landfall，respectively. The blue circle indicates the time when the typhoon was the nearest to the borehole dilatometer station.
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图 3 东阳台（a）、溧阳台（b）和杭州气象站在 “利奇马” 过境期间的观测数据
图中第一行为钻孔体应变和气压记录及趋势，第二行为钻孔体应变和气压的变化率，第三行为日降水量
Figure 3. Records of the volumetric strain and barometric pressure at the stations Dongyang （a） and Liyang （b） as well as daily rainfall data at Hangzhou meteorological station under the passage of super typhoon Lekima during August 1−17，2019
The upper panels show the traces of the volumetric strain （black） and barometric pressure （gray），where red and green lines show the trends，respectively；the middle panels represent the variation rates of the volumetric strain （red） and barometric pressure （green）；the lower panels represent the daily rainfall
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图 5 青岛台和青岛气象站在 “利奇马” 过境期间的观测数据
（a） 钻孔体应变和气压记录及趋势；（b） 钻孔体应变和气压的变化率；（c） 日降水量
Figure 5. Records of the volumetric strain and barometric pressure at Qingdao station and daily rainfall data at Qingdao meteorological station under the passage of super typhoon Lekima during August 1−17，2019
（a） Traces of the volumetric strain （black） and barometric pressure （gray），red and green lines show the trends；（b） The variation rates of the volumetric strain （red） and barometric pressure （green）；（c） The daily rainfall
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图 6 非台风情况下强降水事件对东阳台观测数据的影响
（a） 钻孔体应变和气压记录及趋势；（b） 钻孔体应变和气压的变化速率；（c） 日降水量
Figure 6. Records of the volumetric strain and barometric pressure at Dongyang station and daily rainfall data at Hangzhou meteorological station under the heavy rainfall induced by non-typhoon weather during July 1−20，2019
（a） Traces of the volumetric strain （black） and barometric pressure （gray），red and green lines show the trends；（b） The variation rates of the volumetric strain （red）and barometric pressure （green）；（c） The daily rainfall
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图 4 常熟台（a），南通台（b）和上海气象站在 “利奇马” 过境期间的观测数据
图中第一行为钻孔体应变和气压记录及趋势，第二行为钻孔体应变和气压的变化率，第三行为日降水量
Figure 4. Records of the volumetric strain and barometric pressure at the stations Changshu （a） and Nantong （b） as well as and daily rainfall data at Shanghai meteorological station under the passage of super typhoon Lekima during August 1−17，2019
The upper panels show the traces of the volumetric strain （black） and barometric pressure （gray），where red and green lines show the trends，respectively；the middle panels represent the variation rates of the volumetric strain （red） and barometric pressure （green）；the lower panels represent the daily rainfall
表 1 5个钻孔体应变台站及其周邻地面气象站的概况
Table 1 General information for the five borehole dilatometer sites and three neighboring meteorological stations
台站 钻孔深度/m 钻孔围岩岩性 距海岸线距离/km 邻近的气象站 距气象站距离/km 东阳 67 泥质粉砂岩 120 杭州 110 溧阳 60 安山岩 240 杭州 140 常熟 62 石英砂岩 110 上海 80 南通 94 石英砂岩 50 上海 85 青岛 56 花岗岩 0.2 青岛 6 
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表 2 5个钻孔体应变台站对 “利奇马” 响应的特征参数
Table 2 The response patterns and magnitudes to Lekima for the five borehole dilatometer stations
台站 响应距离/km 台风
临近时
的强度历
时
/h气压
最大变幅
/hPa体应变
最大变幅
/10−9气压
变化率
/（hPa·min−1）体应变
变化率
/（10−9 min−1）累计
降水量
/mm气压影响
系数
/（10−9 hPa−1）开始响应 台风登陆 台风临近 结束响应 东阳 770 150 35 900 强热带风暴 89 −20.1 −52.8 −0.016—0.014 −0.040—0.038 167 2.6 溧阳 830 390 88 650 热带风暴 96 −17.2 −36.8 −0.012—0.009 −0.028—0.027 167 2.1 常熟 760 380 30 640 热带风暴 103 −18.2 −112.1 −0.012—0.011 −0.069—0.076 141 6.2 南通 780 410 27 - 热带风暴 120 −20.7 −76.7 −0.011—0.010 −0.037—0.034 142 3.7 青岛 980 870 26 - 热带风暴 107 −22.8 −72.1 −0.017—0.009 −0.030—0.041 54 3.2 注：“-”表示此时刻台风已停止编号，无法获取该时刻台风的具体位置。
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表 3 各台站的台基岩石力学参数和气压波动幅值及相应的理论体应变
Table 3 The modeled volumetric strain induced by observed atmospheric loading based on corresponding rock mechanical parameters for the five borehole dilatometer stations
台站 钻孔围岩力学参数 气压波动/hPa 实测体应变/10−9 理论体应变/10−9 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 东阳 20 0.25 −20.1 −52.8 −50.3 溧阳 40 0.25 −17.2 −36.8 −21.5 常熟 10 0.25 −18.2 −112.1 −91.0 南通 15 0.25 −20.7 −76.7 −69.0 青岛 50 0.25 −22.8 −72.1 −22.8
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