Microseismic detection and relocation of the 2017 MS4.8 and MS5.1 Yangbi earthquake sequence，Yunnan
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摘要: 基于云南地震台网记录到的2017年漾濞MS4.8和MS5.1地震序列的地震目录和波形数据，采用结合波形互相关的双差定位方法得到了MS5.1主震前7天至主震后30天共258次地震事件更加准确的震源位置，然后利用匹配定位方法获得了更加丰富的地震目录，并对其余震活动的时空演化特征进行了初步分析。双差重定位获得了漾濞地震序列中193次地震的精确位置，水平方向和垂直方向的定位误差均值分别为1.3 km和1.9 km，重定位及震源机制解反演结果显示维西—乔后断裂中南段应为此次地震的发震断层。使用匹配定位方法检测得到了1 625次中小地震事件，事件数量是云南地震台网目录中的6倍，被检测事件主要为主震后早期余震及ML≤0微震事件。对比2016年云龙MS5.0地震序列的研究结果后初步分析认为，“震群（多震）型”和“主余型”地震序列的一个主要区别可能是“震群（多震）型”地震序列的余震数量相对更少、余震活动衰减得更快。
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关键词:
- 2017年漾濞MS4.8和MS5.1地震序列 /
- 双差定位 /
- 波形互相关 /
- 地震检测 /
- 匹配定位方法
Abstract: Based on the earthquake catalog and waveforms of 2017 MS4.8 and MS5.1 Yangbi earthquake sequence recorded by Yunnan Seismic Network, we relocate 258 earthquakes occurring one week before and one month after the Yangbi MS5.1 mainshock by simultaneously using P- and S-wave travel times and waveform cross-correlation data in the double-difference relocation. We then use the 258 earthquakes as template events and scan through the continuous waveforms to search for weak events by using the match and locate method. Using our new catalog, we preliminarily analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of Yangbi earthquake sequence. We obtain refined hypocenters of 193 earthquakes with location errors of about 1.3 km in the horizontal direction and 1.9 km in the depth, respectively. According to the double-difference relocation and focal mechanisms of the mainshock and early ML≥3.0 aftershocks, we preliminarily conclude that the middle-south segment of the Weixi-Qiaohou fault may account for the occurrence of the MS5.1 Yangbi earthquake. A total of 1 625 events are detected by 258 template events, which is about six times as many as the events of Yangbi earthquake sequence listed in the Yunnan Seismic Network catalog. And the detected events are mainly the early aftershocks and ML≤0 micro events. By comparison with the 2016 MS5.0 Yunlong earthquake, we conclude that less number and faster decay of aftershocks may be the main difference between the multiple mainshock type of sequence and the mainshock-aftershock type of sequence. -
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图 1 研究区断裂、台站及2017年漾濞地震序列的震中分布图
F1：澜沧江断裂；F2：维西—乔后断裂；F3：龙蟠—乔后断裂。断层数据引自邓起东等（2003）
Figure 1. Distribution of the faults，stations and epicenters of the 2017 Yangbi earthquake sequence in the study area
F1：Lancangjiang fault；F2：Weixi-Qiaohou fault；F3：Longpan-Qiaohou fault. The faults are after Deng et al （2003）
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图 2 洱源台（EYA）记录的部分地震的P波（BHZ分量）和S波（BHN分量）震相波形互相关分析示意图
底部黑色加粗波形为模板波形，红色和蓝色波段分别表示互相关分析用到的P波和S波，C表示各地震事件与模板事件的P波和S波的互相关系数
Figure 2. Cross-correlation analysis of P （BHZ） and S （BHN） waveforms for part seismic events recorded at the station EYA
The bold black waveforms are template waveforms，the red and blue sections are P-wave and S-wave used in cross-correlation analysis，respectively. C values mark the corresponding cross-correlation coefficient
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图 3 双差定位前（a，c）、后（b，d）的震中及其深度分布对比
图中绿色和紫色圆圈分别表示双差定位前（云南台网目录）和双差定位后（以云南台网目录位置为初始震源位置）的7次ML≥3.0事件，红色圆圈表示ML＜3.0地震事件，图（d）中蓝色圆圈及对应的震源机制解沙滩球和旁边的断层倾角值是根据潘睿等（2019）的CAP反演结果绘制
Figure 3. Comparison of epicentral and depth distributions before （a，c） and after （b，d） the double-difference （DD） location
The green and magenta circles indicate seven ML≥3.0 aftershocks before and after DD location，respectively. The red circles indicate ML＜3.0 earthquakes. The blue circles with corresponding beach balls （their fault dip angles are listed） in Fig. （d） show the CAP inversion results from Pan et al （2019）
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图 4 使用bootstrapping 方法对双差定位不确定性分析的实例
图中“理论地震”为发震时刻为2017年4月27日17时37分35.3秒（UTC）的ML0.5地震，图（a）为利用bootstrapping方法分别得到的东西向、南北向和垂直向的误差，右上角给出其2倍标准差2σ；图（b）左右子图分别为水平方向和垂直方向上置信度为95%的误差椭圆及其长短轴
Figure 4. A sample of uncertainty analysis of DD relocation using bootstrapping method
The synthetic earthquake showed in this sample is a ML0.5 event occurred at 17:37:35.3 （UTC） on April 27，2017. Fig. （a） shows the twice of standard deviation （2σ） of DD location errors in east-west，south-north，and vertical directions，respectively，Fig. （b） shows the 95% confidence error ellipses and their major and minor axes estimated by bootstrapping method
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图 5 基于bootstrapping方法的双差定位不确定性分析
（a） 水平方向的95%置信度的误差椭圆分布；（b） 水平误差的2倍标准差直方图；（c） 垂直误差的2倍标准差直方图
Figure 5. Uncertainty analysis of the DD location based on the bootstrapping method
（a） Distribution of 95% confidence error ellipses in horizontal direction obtained by using bootstrapping method；（b） Histogram of twice the standard deviation of DD location errors in horizontal direction；（c） Histogram of twice the standard deviation of DD location errors in vertical direction
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图 6 匹配定位方法检测微小地震的实例
（a） ML0.7模板事件波形，其中红色和蓝色波段分别为匹配定位检测中用到的P波和S波；（b） 包含ML0.3被检测事件（红色波段）的连续波形；（c） 匹配定位检测中的叠加波形互相关函数及互相关系数最大值Cmax；（d） 被检测事件波形（黑色）和模板波形P波（红色）、S波（蓝色）及其对应的互相关系数
Figure 6. A sample of M&L detection using template seismograms of a ML0.7 events
（a） Template seismograms of a ML0.7 event，where the red and blue sections indicate the P and S waves used in M&L detection；（b） Continuous waveforms including the detected ML0.3 event （red sections）；（c） The cross-correlation functions and maximum cross-correlation coefficient Cmax in M&L detection； （d） Waveforms of the detected event （black），the template P waves （red） and S waves （blue）. Their C values are marked correspondingly
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图 7 利用匹配定位方法检测出的被云南地震台网遗漏的发生于MS5.1主震后150 s内的三次早期余震事件（红色波段为匹配定位检测事件放大后的波形）
Figure 7. The early aftershocks occurred during 150 s following the MS5.1 mainshock detected by M&L method but neglected by Yunnan Seismic Network （The red waveform sections are the amplified waveforms）
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图 8 MS5.1主震后云南台网目录与匹配定位检测结果的M-t分布对比图
Figure 8. The magnitude versus logarithmic times since the MS5.1 mainshock for Yunnan Seismic Network catalog （blue triangles） and M&L detection catalog （red circles）
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图 9 云南地震台网目录（a）与匹配定位检测目录（b）的震源位置对比
Figure 9. Comparison of hypocenters between the Yunnan Seismic Network catalog （a） and M&L catalog （b）
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