Discovery of new activity of Xiahe fault in Gansu：Discussion on seismogenic structure of the 2019 Xiahe MS5.7 earthquake
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摘要: 2019年10月28日甘肃夏河MS5.7地震发生于临潭—宕昌断裂与西秦岭北缘断裂之间，震中周边断裂的发育情况不明，断裂研究程度低，且无明确的地表断裂与该地震相关。本文通过遥感解译和野外调查，完善了震中周边断裂即临潭—宕昌断裂、夏河断裂东段和达麦—合作断裂的几何展布图像和新活动特征，结合小震精定位和震源机制，综合分析并构建了夏河地震的发震构造模型。研究结果显示：夏河地震的周边断裂包括两条已知、但研究程度不高的西秦岭北缘断裂和临潭—宕昌断裂，以及仅标绘在地质图上、活动未知的夏河断裂和达麦—合作断裂；首次发现了夏河断裂东段的新活动，活动性质兼具左旋走滑和向北逆冲，前人基于小震定位判定的发震断层（走向312°，倾向42°，倾角48°）可能是夏河断裂东段派生的一条隐伏分支，该分支在平面上与夏河断裂东段呈小角度斜交（夹角22°），在深部归并到夏河断裂，滑动方向（滑动角48°）与夏河断裂东段的活动性质（兼具逆冲和左旋）一致。夏河断裂东段在构造上可能归属于临潭—宕昌断裂西段，是西秦岭北缘断裂正花状构造的组成部分，2019年夏河MS5.7地震代表临潭—宕昌断裂西段的构造活动。
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关键词:
- 2019年甘肃夏河MS5.7地震 /
- 发震构造 /
- 夏河断裂 /
- 临潭—宕昌断裂 /
- 西秦岭北缘断裂
Abstract: On October 28, 2019, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck the Xiahe county, Gansu Province. This event was located between the Lintan-Dangchang fault and West Qinling fault, where surface faults were poorly mapped and studied, and there was no fault directly related to the Xiahe MS5.7 earthquake. In this paper, through the remote sensing interpretation and field investigation, the geometric pattern and new activity of geological faults around the Xiahe earthquake epicenter were studied preliminarily. Combined with the relocated small earthquakes and the focal mechanism solutions, the seismotectonic model of the Xiahe earthquake was built up and comprehensively analyzed. The results are as follows. First, the surrounding faults of the Xiahe earthquake include two well-known but poorly-studied faults （the West Qinling fault and Lintan-Dangchang fault） and two poorly-known faults （the Xiahe fault and Damai-Hezuo fault） that were only mapped on the geological map. Second, this work has acquired more detailed geometric pattern and new activity of the Lintan-Dangchang fault, the east segment of the Xiahe fault, and the Damai-Hezuo fault, and we have discovered Holocene activity of the Xiahe fault for the first time, it is of both left-lateral strike-slip and northward reverse-slip. Third, the seismogenic fault plane （the strike, dip direction and dip angle are 312°, 42° and 48°, respectively） determined by previous studies based on earthquake sequence relocation is likely to be one hidden fault derived from the east segment of Xiahe fault, the hidden fault is at a small angle （22°） to the east segment of Xiahe fault, and merges with Xiahe fault in the deep earth, slip direction of the hidden fault （rake is 48°） agrees well with the slip senses （with both left-lateral slip and reverse slip） of the east segment of the Xiahe fault. The east segment of the Xiahe fault may be structurally part of the west segment of the Lintan-Dangchang fault and is part of the positive flower structure of the West Qinling fault, and the Xiahe MS5.7 earthquake in 2019 represents the tectonic activity of the west segment of the Lintan-Dangchang fault. -
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图 1 区域地形地貌、活动构造和历史地震分布图
F1：东昆仑断裂；F2：西秦岭北缘断裂；F3：龙门山断裂；F4：六盘山断裂；F5：塔藏断裂；F6：白龙江断裂；F7：光盖山—迭山断裂；F8：临潭—宕昌断裂；F9：哈南断裂；F10：武都—康县断裂；F11：两当—江洛断裂；F12：礼县—罗家堡断裂；F13：龙日坝断裂；F14：岷江断裂；F15：虎牙断裂. 底图为SRTM1 （shutter radar topographic mission）的数字高程模型（digital elevation model，缩写为DEM） 数据（分辨率为30 m）；震源机制解来源于GCMT （2019）
Figure 1. Regional topography，active tectonics and historical earthquakes
F1：East Kunlun fault；F2：West Qinling fault；F3：Longmenshan fault；F4：Liupanshan fault；F5：Tazang fault；F6：Bailongjiang fault；F7：Guanggaishan-Dieshan fault；F8：Lintan-Dangchang fault；F9：Ha’nan fault；F10：Wudu-Kangxian fault；F11：Liangdang-Jiangluo fault；F12：Lixian-Luojiapu fault；F13：Longriba fault；F14：Minjiang fault；F15：Huya fault. The base map is SRTM1 （shutter radar topographic Mission） DEM （resolution is 30 m），and the focal mechanism solutions are from GCMT （2019）
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图 2 2019年夏河MS5.7地震周边构造分布
地层、基岩断层来源于1 ∶ 20万地质图（合作幅）①，地震烈度引自甘肃省地震局（2019）
Figure 2. Active tectonics around the epicenter of the Xiahe MS5.7 earthquake in 2019
Stratigraphy and bedrock fault data are from 1 ∶ 200 000 geological map （Hezuo district）. The earthquake intensity field refers to Gansu Earthquake Agency （2019）
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图 3 夏河断裂西（a）、东（b）段几何展布图像
底图为印度遥感卫星IRS-P5影像，分辨率为2.5 m
Figure 3. Fault geometry of the west （a） and east （b） segments of Xiahe fault
The base map is IRS-P5 satellite image from India with the resolution 2.5 m
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图 4 夏河断裂东段塘乃合村南断层地貌
（a） 塘乃合南侧断层卫星影像，红色箭头代表断层；（b） 塘乃合南侧断层线性地貌，红色箭头代表断层，镜向E；（c） 塘乃合南侧小冲沟及二阶阶地左旋位错，红色实线代表断层，黄色实线代表阶地前缘，蓝色实线和箭头代表冲沟和流向，镜向SES；（d） 图（c）冲沟东侧200 m处的大冲沟东侧断层地貌，红色箭头代表断层，黄色虚线代表阶地面上的地形陡坎，蓝色实线和箭头代表冲沟和流向，镜向E
Figure 4. Offset geomorphologies to the south of the Tangnaihe village along the east segment of the Xiahe fault
（a） Remote sensing image of fault trace，where red arrows represent fault trace；（b） Linear fault trace to the south of the Tangnaihe village，where red arrows represent fault trace，view to E；（c） Left-lateral offset of a small gully and its terrace，red solid line represents fault，yellow solid lines represent terrace edge，blue solid line and arrow represent gully and flow direction，view to SES；（d） Offset geomorphologies 200 m east of the gully in Fig. （c）， where red arrows represent fault trace，yellow dashed lines indicate topographic scarps on gully terrace，blue solid line and arrow represent gully and flow direction，view to E
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图 7 2019年夏河MS5.7地震的发震构造模型
（a） 重定位后的夏河地震序列及沿剖面BA和DC的地震深度分布（刘旭宙等，2021）；（b） 夏河地震与周边断裂的平面关系；（c） 夏河地震与周边断裂的深部关系，图中红色虚线为刘旭宙等（2021）认为的发震断层
Figure 7. Seismotectonic model of the MS5.7 Xiahe earthquake in 2019
（a） The relocated earthquake sequence，and depth distribution of earthquakes along profiles BA and DC （after Liu et al，2021）； （b） Plane view on the relationship between the Xiahe earthquake and surface faults；（c） Relationship between the Xiahe earthquake and surrounding faults in deep where the red dashed line is the potential seismogenic fault supported by seismic sequence relocation and focal mechanism presented by Liu et al （2021）
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图 5 达麦—合作断裂的基岩断层剖面（a）及素描图（b）
Figure 5. Fault profile （a） and sketch map （b） of the Damai-Hezuo fault
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图 6 合作界牌处公路地堑东侧断层剖面（a）及其素描图（b）
Figure 6. Fault profile （a） and sketch map （b） of the east wall of highway trench at the boundary mark of the Hezuo city
表 1 不同研究机构发布的2019年夏河MS5.7地震的震源机制解
Table 1 Focal mechanism solutions of the 2019 Xiahe MS5.7 earthquake issued by different institutions
资料来源 节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ MW 震源深度
/km走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° GFZ （2019） 336 57 84 166 34 99 5.2 10 USGS （2020） 307 37 40 184 66 120 5.3 14 GCMT （2019） 307 48 40 188 62 131 5.3 16.3 刘旭宙等（2021） 312 48 48 185 56 127 5.36 5.9 
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