Coda wave Q values of shallow media in Binchuan basin using dense array data
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摘要:
为得到更准确的浅部介质衰减参数，便于工程地震领域开展更精细的地震动模拟等研究，以气枪密集台阵资料为基础，联合天然地震资料，利用Sato单散射模型研究了云南宾川盆地浅层介质尾波衰减特征。结果显示，随着频率的增加，尾波Q值Qc整体呈增加趋势，符合Q值的频率依赖关系。在空间上，该地区Qc值分布具有明显的横向不均匀性，位于研究区中部宾川盆地的台站Qc值较低，而位于研究区南西和北东方向的山地丘陵地区的台站Qc值较高，与速度层析成像研究结果一致。研究区平均Qc频率依赖关系为$ { {Q}_{\mathrm{c}} （ f ） ＝28.04{f}^{1.07}}$，气枪震源密集台阵资料得到的Q0值较天然地震得到的值更低，证明使用密集台阵资料得到的结果反映了更浅部介质的衰减特征，而更高的频率依赖指数$\, \eta \,$值意味着浅层介质的非均匀性高于深部介质，符合实际情况。宾川盆地Q0值大于松辽盆地、华北盆地和中国大陆平均沉积层，而指数$\, \eta \,$小于松辽盆地和中国大陆，表明本研究所用资料反映的Q值信息介于近地表与深部介质之间。随着尾波流逝时间窗口的增大，Q0逐渐增大，而频率依赖性降低。因此，在研究区尺度较小且选择的天然地震事件震级不高的情况下，需要选取较小的流逝时间窗口以确保满足研究需要。此外，局部地形和地震地质构造变化可能导致衰减参数和相应的标准差相差较大。使用气枪震源和近震资料配合小尺度密集台阵，可以得到较准确的浅层介质衰减参数，为工程应用和浅部结构探测提供了新的思路。
Abstract:In order to obtain more accurate attenuation parameters of shallow medium and carry out more detailed ground motion simulation research in the field of engineering earthquakes, this paper uses the Sato single scattering model to study the coda attenuation characteristics of shallow medium in the Binchuan basin based on the dense array data and combined with natural seismic data. The results showed that with the increase of frequency, the coda Q value Qc showed an increasing trend, which was in line with the frequency dependence of the Q value. The spatial distribution of Qc values in this area has obvious lateral inhomogeneity. The stations located in the Binchuan basin in the central part of the study area have lower Qc values, while the stations located in the hilly areas of the study area in the southwest and northeast directions have higher Qc values, which is consistent with the velocity tomography results. The frequency dependence of the average Qc in the study area is $ {Q}_{{\rm{c}}} （ f ） ＝28.04{f}^{1.07} $. The Q0 value obtained by the dense array data is lower than that obtained by the natural earthquake, which proves that the results obtained by the dense array data reflects the attenuation characteristics of the shallower medium. And a higher $ \eta $ value means that the inhomogeneity of the shallow medium is higher than that of the deep medium, which is in line with the actual situation. The Q0 value of the Binchuan basin is larger than the Q0 value of the Songliang basin, the North China basin and the average sedimentary layer of the Chinese mainland, while the index $ \eta $ is smaller than the $ \eta $ value of the Songliao basin and the Chinese mainland, indicating that the information reflected by the dense array is between the near-surface and deep media. As the depth increases, the inhomogeneity of the medium gradually decreases, and the dependence of the Q value with frequency gradually weakens. Q0 increases with the lapse time window of coda, and the index $ \eta $ is the opposite. It is necessary to select a small lapse time window to ensure the accuracy of the results when the scale of study area is small and the magnitude of the selected natural earthquake events not large. In addition, local topographic and seismic-tectonic changes may lead to large differences in attenuation parameters and standard deviations. The useage of airgun source and near-field earthquake with small-scale dense seismic arrays can obtain more accurate attenuation parameters in shallow media, which provides a new idea for engineering application and shallow structure detection.
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图 1 密集台阵及震源位置分布图
Figure 1. Location of dense seismic array and distribution of hypocenters
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图 2 研究区射线覆盖及信号叠加对比示意图
（a） 研究区内的射线分布；（b） 710号台站原始信号（上）和叠加后信号（下）
Figure 2. Distribution of rays in the study area and the comparison of signal before and after stacking
（a） Distribution of rays in the study area；（b） Original signal （upper） and stacked signal （lower） of the station No. 710
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图 3 尾波Q值拟合示意图（以气枪信号为例）
（a） 11号台站叠加后信号，tc表示尾波起算时间，红色方框表示截取的尾波窗口；（b） 函数$\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n} ［ A （ f|r \text{，} t ） /K （ r \text{，} \alpha ） ］ $随时间的变化曲线，红色直线为最小二乘拟合线
Figure 3. Diagram of coda Q value fitting (take the airgun signal as an example)
（a） The stacked signal of the station No. 11，tc represents the the starting point of coda，the red box indicates the selected coda window；（b） The function $\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n} ［ A （ f|r \text{，} t ） /K （ r\text{，} \alpha ） ］ $ versus lapse time along with least squares fits of selected coda window，the red line represents the fitted line
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图 4 不同中心频率下Qc值的空间分布及与速度层析成像结果对比
（a−e） 2—6 Hz频率尾波Qc值的空间分布，黑线表示宾川盆地范围；（f） 宾川地区0 km处速度层析成像结果（引自张云鹏等，2020）
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of Qc values at different frequencies and comparison with velocity tomography
（a−e） Spatial distribution of coda Qc values at 2−6 Hz frequency，the black line indicates the extent of Binchuan basin；（f） Velocity tomography results at 0 km depth in Binchuan area （from Zhang et al，2020）
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图 5 六个台站位置（a）及其Qc值与频率的关系（b）
Figure 5. Location of the six stations （a） and the relationship between Qc and frequency for the stations （b）
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图 6 30号台站Q0和频率依赖指数 $ \eta $ 随流逝时间的变化曲线
Figure 6. Values of Q0 and frequency-dependent coefficient $ \eta $ as function of lapse time for the station No. 30
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图 7 全区域各台站尾波衰减参数及标准差
（a） 各台站Q0统计特征；（b） 各台站频率依赖指数 $ \eta $ 统计特征
Figure 7. Coda attenuation parameters and their standard deviations of each station in the study area
（a） The statistical characteristics of Q0 of each station；（b） The statistical characteristics of the frequency dependence coefficient $ \eta $ of each station
表 1 所用地震详细参数
Table 1 Parameters of the earthquakes using in the study
发震时刻 东经/° 北纬/° ML 震源
深度/km发震时刻 东经/° 北纬/° ML 震源
深度/km年-月-日 时:分:秒 年-月-日 时:分:秒 2017-03-26 16:24:03 100.563 25.852 0.4 17 2017-04-28 00:16:55 100.445 25.831 1.3 15 2017-03-27 03:28:14 100.394 25.928 0.8 8 2017-05-07 10:20:12 100.698 25.891 1.6 5 2017-03-31 04:54:56 100.594 25.829 0.4 18 2017-05-12 11:27:14 100.681 25.863 1.3 6 2017-04-03 17:48:41 100.409 25.815 1.0 14 2017-05-12 11:36:35 100.648 25.884 1.4 10 2017-04-12 21:05:22 100.673 25.659 0.5 9 2017-05-21 21:42:29 100.451 25.771 1.0 5 2017-04-13 10:41:05 100.613 25.908 1.7 5 2017-05-23 09:19:53 100.359 25.680 1.5 12 
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表 2 30号台站不同流逝时间下Q0和频率依赖指数 $ \eta $ 的统计结果
Table 2 Q0 and frequency-dependent coefficient $ \mathrm{\eta } $ at different lapse times of the station No.30
流逝时间/s Q0 ${ \delta }{ Q_0}$ $ \eta $ ${\delta }\eta$ 5 26.00 15.55 1.057 0.342 10 38.11 18.59 0.988 0.242 15 50.60 24.27 0.937 0.227
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表 3 Q0标准差较大的台站详细信息
Table 3 Information of the stations with larger standard deviation of Q0
台站编号 东经/° 北纬/° Q0 $\delta{ Q_0}$ $ \eta $ ${\delta }\eta$ 195 100.399 1 25.719 9 38 37 1.123 0.431 633 100.523 5 25.657 2 48 36 0.713 0.674 613 100.538 8 25.680 0 61 33 0.702 0.401 83 100.670 6 25.835 4 40 31 0.958 0.298 18 100.630 4 25.912 7 43 29 0.831 0.282
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表 4 表3中相邻台站的Q0结果
Table 4 Results of Q0 for neighboring stations in Table 3
台站编号 东经/° 北纬/° Q0 $\delta{ Q_0}$ $ \eta $ ${\delta }\eta$ 196 100.417 5 25.722 4 25 5 1.148 0.198 632 100.501 0 25.660 6 34 5 0.912 0.218 752 100.530 1 25.680 8 18 6 1.195 0.202 81 100.639 7 25.840 2 31 16 0.857 0.347 17 100.620 1 25.901 3 23 11 1.107 0.335
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