Microseismic detection and location around the Zipingpu reservoir and its adjacent areas
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摘要:
首先对四川省地震局提供的1 017次地震进行重定位，并将重定位后的578次高信噪比地震作为模板，利用基于图像处理器加速的匹配定位技术（GPU-M&L）对紫坪铺水库地震台网7个台站2005—2008年记录的连续波形数据进行扫描；然后利用基于深度学习算法的去噪技术（DeepDenoiser）设计出的卷积神经网络模型来进一步验证这些新检测到的地震事件；最后利用双差定位法对检测到的地震事件进行精定位。最终识别到的地震事件多达1万6 836个，约为四川省地震局目录事件的13倍，地震目录的完备震级由ML1.4降为ML−0.1。定位结果显示，研究区的地震事件呈北东向线性分布，优势震源深度指示区域地壳内的滑脱层位置，结合b值和震源深度分析结果推测，研究区蓄水后的地震主要是构造应力积累导致的天然地震活动，并伴随水库触发地震混杂发生。
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关键词:
- 紫坪铺水库 /
- GPU加速的匹配定位技术 /
- 双差定位 /
- 深度学习
Abstract:We relocate the 1017 earthquakes provided by the Sichuan Earthquake Agency and then use the 578 relocated earthquakes with a high signal-to-noise ratio as templates. The continuous waveform data recorded by 7 stations of Zipingpu reservoir seismic network from 2005 to 2008 are scanned by graphics processing unit-based match and locate （GPU-M&L） method. Then, based on the denoising results by applying the deep learning algorithm called DeepDenoiser, a convolutional neural network model is designed to further verify these newly detected events. Finally, the double-difference location method is used to accurately relocate them. A total of 16836 events are eventually identified, which is about 13 times as many as the events listed in the local catalog of Sichuan Earthquake Agency. The magnitude of completeness is reduced from ML1.4 given by the local catalog to ML−0.1. The relocated results show that the seismic events in the study area are linearly distributed in the northeast direction. The dominant focal depth indicates the location of the detachment layer in the crust of the region. Combined with the analysis results of b value and the focal depth, it is speculated that the earthquakes after impoundment in the study area are mainly natural seismic activities caused by the accumulation of tectonic stress, accompanied by the occurrence of reservoir-triggered seismicity.
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图 12 台网目录重定位前后震源分布（a）及沿剖面AB和CD方向的事件投影分布（b，c）
F1：汶川—茂汶断裂； F2：北川—映秀断裂；F3：安县—灌县断裂
Figure 12. The distribution of earthquakes before and after relocation （a） and projections of the events along AB and CD profiles，respectively （b，c）
F1：Wenchuan-Maowen fault；F2：Beichuan-Yingxiu fault；F3：Anxian-Guanxian fault
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图 1 研究区断裂、台站及模板事件重定位前后的震中分布图
F1：汶川—茂汶断裂；F2北川—映秀断裂；F3安县—灌县断裂
Figure 1. Distribution of the faults，stations，and epicenters of template events before and after relocation in the study area
F1：Wenchuan-Maowen fault；F2：Beichuan-Yingxiu fault；F3：Anxian-Guanxian fault
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图 2 基于图像处理器加速的匹配定位技术检测结果示例 （起始时间为2008−06−06 00:00:00）
（a） 平均互相关系数CC值，红色虚线表示检测阈值为0.3，红色圆点表示检测到的地震事件；（b） 对应图（a）中所示窗口互相关系数的分布统计图；（c） 连续波形（灰色）与模板事件（红色）在时间窗口中的比较，台网台站和各分量CC值分别标记于波形左右两侧
Figure 2. An example of detection based on the GPU-M&L technique
（a） Mean CC value trace，where the red dashed line marks the detection threshold of 0.3，and the positive detection is shown by the red dot；（b） Histogram of the CC value distribution corresponding to the window shown in Fig. （a）；（c） Comparisons of continuous waveforms （gray） with templates （red） in a zoom-in time window. The stations of seismic networks and CC values are given to the left and right，respectively
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图 3 去噪后地震事件（a，b）和去噪后噪声（c，d）的时频谱图
Figure 3. Time-frequency spectra of events （a，b） and noises （c，d） after denoising
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图 6 台网地震目录和检测目录的震级-频率关系图
Figure 6. The magnitude-frequency relationship for the local catalog and detected catalog
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图 7 水库蓄水后的检测目录震级-频率关系图
Figure 7. The magnitude-frequency relationship for the detected catalog after reservoir impoundment
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图 8 检测事件重定位后的震中分布（a）及沿剖面AB和CD方向的事件投影分布（b，c）
F1：汶川—茂汶断裂； F2：北川—映秀断裂；F3：安县—灌县断裂
Figure 8. The distribution of relocated earthquakes （a） and projection of the detected events along AB and CD （b，c）
F1：Wenchuan-Maowen fault；F2：Beichuan-Yingxiu fault；F3：Anxian-Guanxian fault
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图 9 检测事件的水平方向重定位误差分布
Figure 9. The distribution of horizontal relocation errors of the detected events
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图 10 检测事件重定位后的三维分布图
Figure 10. 3-D distribution of the detected events after relocation
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图 11 检测目录重定位后的P波、S波走时分布图
Figure 11. Travel time distribution of P wave and S wave of the detected events after relocation
表 1 不同阈值下的检测事件
Table 1 The detected events under different thresholds
阈值 检测事件个数 互相关系数＜0.2的事件占比 9MAD 109 822 21.15% 12MAD 21 213 2.20% 15MAD 8 643 2.13% 注：MAD为中值绝对偏差。 
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