3D High-resolution S-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere beneath North China Craton based on Eikonal surface wave tomography
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摘要:
利用“中国地震科学台阵探测”项目Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的流动地震台站以及中国区域地震台网中的部分固定台站的观测资料，采用程函面波成像方法获得了华北克拉通及周边区域10—120 s周期的瑞雷面波相速度分布和高分辨率的三维S波速度结构，并基于该速度模型估算了岩石圈厚度分布。结果显示，华北克拉通内部岩石圈厚度除了存在“西厚东薄”的一级分布特征外，还存在一些更小尺度的差异，包括鄂尔多斯地块内部岩石圈“南厚北薄”、鄂尔多斯地块周缘断陷带岩石圈显著的不均匀减薄以及燕山构造带与其南侧华北平原之间的显著差异等。山西断陷带北部与南部地区上地幔浅部（＜100 km）存在不同程度的低速异常，它们被中部的高速异常区所分隔。在150 km以下深度从太行山南缘向北至山西断陷北缘存在一条NNE向展布的显著低速异常带，表明上地幔浅部南北部的低速异常在深部相连。结合已有的其它成像结果，我们推测这些低速异常起源于更深处（＞200 km），并与由太平洋俯冲板块的滞留脱水导致的上地幔热物质上涌和小尺度地幔对流等密切相关。燕山构造带与华北平原的岩石圈结构存在明显差异，前者遭受的岩石圈破坏改造程度明显弱于后者，张家口—渤海地震带位于这两种不同壳幔结构的过渡带，地震活动较强，我们认为深部结构和热作用的显著差异，以及青藏高原远场挤压效应的共同作用是导致该区地震活动较强的主要原因。
Abstract:The North China Craton has undergone intensely tectonic reactivation since the Mesozoic, which resulted in lithosphere modification, thinning and destruction, and accompanied by large amount of magmatic activity. The neotectonic movement is strong and destructive earthquakes occur frequently in this region. It is of great significance to obtain medium deformation and structure information in the crust and upper mantle for understanding these process. High-resolution lithosphere structure will provide important basis for understanding a series of scientific issues such as the tectonic deformation of crust-mantle media, the interaction between structural blocks, the deep environment of strong earthquakes, the spatial distribution range and dynamic mechanism of lithosphere thinning and destruction.
Many researches about seismic tomography have been carried out in the North China Craton. But, the results of high-resolution of the lithosphere across the whole North China Craton are still few, due to the limitation of observation conditions or range, which limits further analysis on a series of scientific issues. As the rapid development of seismic array observation technology, some high-resolution seismic tomography techniques appear which suitable for dense arrays. The Eikonal surface wave tomography takes into account the bending phenomenon of seismic wave propagation path in complex media, and is suitable for both ambient noise and seismic surface wave. Its lateral resolution is equivalent to the average spacing of stations for arrays with relatively uniform distribution of stations. Considering that the ambient noise tomography is limited to medium and short periods （generally below 40 s）, which mainly restricts the depth range from the crust to the top of the upper mantle so that it is difficult to carry out research and discussion on deeper depths. In this study, we choose the surface wave observation data to extract Rayleigh wave phase velocity of medium and long period by Eikonal surface wave tomograph, which can provide constraints on the entire lithosphere depth range.
We collected the surface wave data of teleseismic events from
1513 seismic stations in this study, including 670 portable stations from ChinArray PhaseⅡ, 361 portable stations from ChinArray Phase Ⅲ−1 , 324 portable stations from ChinArray Phase Ⅲ−2 , and 158 permanent stations from China National Seismic Network （CSN）. This is the most intensive seismic station bservations in the study region, with an average station spacing of about 35 km. Their corresponding observation periods are September 2013 to June 2016, November 2016 to January 2019, November 2017 to November 2020, and April 2016 to January 2019. The 3D high-resolution S-wave velocity model was obtained by two-step method in the depth range of 200 km below the study region. Firstly, We obtained the phase velocity of Rayleigh surface wave at 10−120 s by Eikonal surface wave tomography and extracted the pure path dispersion curves of each grid node on the surface. Secondly, we obtained these one-dimensional S-wave velocity models at these corresponding nodes by linear inversion method, then all the one-dimensional S-wave velocity models are combined to obtain the 3D S-wave velocity model. The lithosphere thickness is estimated by the empirical relationship between upper mantle S-wave velocity and pressure and temperature based on this model.The results showed that there are some smaller scale variations of the lithosphere thickness in the North China Craton in addition to the first-order distribution characteristics of ‘thick in the west and thin in the east’. Which includes: ① within the Ordos block, the lithosphere is thinner in the north than that in the south; ② within the peripheral rift zone around Ordos block, it is characterized by significantly heterogeneous thinned lithosphere; ③ there is significant difference between Yanshan Orogenic Belt and North China plain on its south side．In Shanxi rift zone, both the northern and southern regions exhibit varying degrees of low velocity anomalies in the upper mantle （＜100 km）, which are separated by a high velocity anomaly zone in the central area．At depth of more than 150 km, a remarkable low-velocity anomaly belt oriented NNE is observed from the southern edge of Taihang Mountain to the northern edge of Shanxi rift zone, indicating that the shallow upper mantle low-velocity anomalies are connected in the deep．Combined with some other research findings, we speculated that these low-velocity anomalies may stem from a greater depth （＞200 km）, potentially linked with the stagnant dehydration of the subducted Pacific plate and consequent upwelling of thermal material in the upper mantle, as well as small-scale mantle convection. The lithospheric structures of the Yanshan Orogenic belt is significantly different from North China Plain, with former experienced much less destruction and reconstruction. Zhangjiakou−Bohai seismic zone is located at the transitional region between these two distinct crust-mantle structures, and characterized by intense seismic activity． We concluded that the combination of significant differences in deep structure and thermal action, as well as the far-field extrusion effect of the Qinghai−XizangPlateau, mainly contributes to the intense seismic activity in this zone. There are some significant high velocity anomalies near the depth of 200 km in Yanshan Orogenic Belt, northern part of the North China Plain and around Bohai Bay. It is speculated that these anomalies may be related to the local delamination of the lithosphere, which represent the remnants of the Archean cratonic lithosphere sinking into the asthenosphere.
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图 8 不同深度的S波速度分布（图中v0代表每个深度h对应的平均速度）
Figure 8. S-wave velocity maps at different depths （v0 represents the average S-wave velocity corresponding to each depth h）
（a） h＝10 km；（b） h＝20 km；（c） h＝40 km；（d） h＝50 km；（e） h＝60 km；（f） h＝80 km； （g） h＝100 km；（h） h＝150 km；（i） h＝200 km
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图 1 研究区构造背景分布图
图中地震为1970年以来记录到的5级以上地震（国家地震局震害防御司，1995；中国地震局震害防御司，1999）。左上角图中图显示了华北克拉通及其周边区域更大范围的构造背景。其中蓝色矩形代表放大区域范围；红色实线代表板块边界（Bird，2003）；黑色空心箭头示意板块运动方向（Kreemer et al，2014）
Figure 1. Tectonic setting of the studied area
The represented earthquakes are MS≥5.0 recorded since 1970 （Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention，State Seismological Bureau，1995；Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention，China Earthquake Administration，1999）. The upper left image shows the larger tectonic background of the North China Craton and its surrounding region；The blue rectangle represents the location of this study area；the solid red lines represent plate boundaries （Bird，2003）； the black hollow arrows indicate the motion direction of the plates （Kreemer et al，2014）
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图 4 不同周期的基阶瑞雷面波相速度对S波速度的敏感曲线
Figure 4. Sensitivity kernel curves of fundamental Rayleigh wave phase velocity to shear wave velocity at different periods
（a） 10—40 s；（b） 40—120 s
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图 5 面波频散曲线反演一维S波速度结构示例（35.00°N，112.25°E）
（a） 反演前后的一维S波速度模型；（b） 反演前后频散曲线的拟合情况；（c） 反演前后的频散残差分布
Figure 5. Example of inversion of surface wave dispersion data for S-wave velocity （35.00°N，112.25°E）
（a） The 1-D S-wave velocity models pre- and post-inversion；（b） The fitting distribution of dispersion curves pre- and post-inversion；（c） The dispersion residual distribution pre- and post-inversion
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图 6 相速度误差分布
Figure 6. Error distribution of the phase velocity
（a） T＝10 s；（b） T＝14 s；（c） T＝20 s；（d） T＝25 s；（e） T＝32 s；（f） T＝40 s；（g） T＝50 s； （h） T＝60 s；（i） T＝70 s；（j） T＝80 s；（k） T＝100 s；（l） T＝120 s
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图 7 瑞雷面波相速度分布图像（图中v0代表每个周期T对应的平均相速度）
Figure 7. Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps at different periods （v0 represents the average phase velocity corresponding to each period T）
（a） T＝10 s；（b） T＝14 s；（c） T＝20 s；（d） T＝25 s；（e） T＝32 s；（f） T＝40 s；（g） T＝50 s； （h） T＝60 s；（i） T＝70 s；（j） T＝80 s；（k） T＝100 s；（l） T＝120 s
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图 9 华北克拉通及其周边区域岩石圈厚度分布
Figure 9. Thickness of the lithosphere in North China Craton and its surrounding regions
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