Review and prospect of borehole seismic observation research in China：From borehole to Donghai borehole vertical seismic array
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摘要:
目前我国约有数百个井下地震观测台。井下观测可以避免地表噪声干扰和场地效应，填补在高噪声区域获取高精度地震资料的空白。增加井下观测台站可以弥补地表观测能力的不足，使观测台站的布局更加科学合理，从而也为地震学观测研究开辟新途径。井下台网观测波形有利于准确测定地震参数，建立高精度波速模型，探索地震成因，从而推动地震预报工作。唐山强震就发生在低速体与高速体之间，文安地震前波速出现了可信的地震前兆性降低异常。井下地震仪可观测到地表反射波，对研究地壳精细结构和资源评估均有重要意义。井下观测到的震级、矩震级以及拐角频率均小于地面台站观测结果。江苏东海大陆深井垂直地震台阵井下波形的平均信噪比为70 dB以上，在高噪声背景区可获得高保真度的地震波形，也为研究震源提供更直接的约束条件，有利于高可信度的震源理论研究，以及地震波传播的非线性效应和场地效应的研究，进而提高强地面运动预测的精确度。井下与地面观测的震级差异可能与上层介质的波形非线性增幅效应及波的频率有关，它们拐角频率差异可能与上层介质对不同频率波分量的影响有关。这些差异的成因也具有多重复杂性，有待于深入地科学研究和探索。我国近期将建设更多井下地震观测台站，井下观测网和垂直地震台阵观测研究是创新未来地球物理学发展的重要途径。
Abstract:This paper summarizes the newly research achievements of the underground seismic observation networks and borehole vertical seismic arrays in China, and looks forward to the prospect of underground observation research in the future. There are hundreds of underground observation stations with excellent observation quality currently. The underground seismic observational network pioneers a new technical approach for the physics in the Earth's interior of observation and study in the depths.
This analysis indicates that the underground observation can avoid the surface noise and site effects, and obtain high-quality seismic data. Therefore, it is possible for scientist to construct borehole stations scientifically in the earthquake monitoring areas, even if in the high noise background areas. Then the earthquake epicenter will be determined more accurately based on data observed from the reasonable station layout. The ability monitoring seismic activity is improved greatly. Simultaneously, the underground seismometer can record clear seismic wave near the epicenter because of avoiding the surface noise. The seismic waves observed near the epicenter retain more high-frequency components of waveforms which are essential data for study of the fine structure of the earth. It promotes the development of the seismological science.
It also can reduce the average velocity differences of P and S waves between stations due to different ground station foundations for us to study the spatial heterogeneity of the seismic wave velocity distribution if we use underground observation velocities. The accuracy and reliability of the 3D velocity model can significantly be improved by employing the data that reduced velocity differences mentioned above. The research findings suggested that the Tangshan strong earthquake occurred between the low speed zone and high speed zone too. The study results on the temporal variation of wave velocity indicated that a credible precursor process of wave velocity reduction also appeared before the Wen’an MS5.1 earthquake.
The surface reflected seismic waves near earthquakes have been surveyed through the underground observations. The accurate velocity structure of the crustal sedimentary layer can be established by employing the combination of incident waves and surface reflection waves. The high precision velocity models of the shallow layer are also of great significance to study the fine structure of the Earth’s interior.
The seismic kinematic and dynamic parameters, such as arrival time, component frequency and amplitude of seismic waves can accurately be determined by employing the low noise waves by the underground observation. The reliable high-level research findings are likely achieved based on the accurate parameters. The low noise waves observed by borehole seismometer are actually reasonable constraint for the study on seismic source. It is beneficial for scientist to solve the precise seismic source parameters and to acquire highly reliable results about the source under the strict constraint condition. A large number of excellent results have already been achieved based on the data of underground observation today. The seismic moments and moment magnitudes calculated by employing seismic waveform data from the underground observations are less than that calculated using waveforms by the ground observation. The stress drops and average earthquake dislocations computed using the waveforms from the underground observation are both less than those computed from waveforms observed in the ground bedrock. The corner frequencies calculated by seismic waveforms observed at the underground platforms are also lower than that calculated using data from the ground observations. The high-frequency components of the source spectrum calculated by waveforms from underground observation are weak, and not as abundant as that calculated using waveforms observed on the ground. As mentioned above, the magnitude and moment magnitude of the underground observation are less than those observed in the surface bedrock. The differences between the two kinds of magnitudes may be attributed to the nonlinear amplification effect of the wave in the upper medium of the borehole seismograph and the frequencies of seismic waves. Relatively, the lower corner frequencies of underground observations compared with the surface observations may be attributed to the absorption and amplification effect for different frequency wave components by the upper medium of underground instruments. In addition, the site response of the surface layer also has a significant impact on the source spectral parameters. The majority of the site responses underground platform are greater than 1 at the low-frequency domain and less than 1 at the high frequency domain respectively. The different site response between high and low frequency domain may also cause the magnitude and corner frequency observed by underground stations to be lower than those observed on the ground. The causes of source parameter differences mentioned above may be generally multiple complexities. It is still an important topic of future scientific exploration.
The underground seismometer recorded the surface reflection waves besides of the direct waves. The phenomenon is very valuable. So the nonlinear site effects and amplification characteristics of seismic wave propagation in sediment layers are solved accurately using the two types of data: Direct and reflected waves. Then the uncertainty of theoretical wave field solution can be reduced using the high-precision site effect results. The accuracy of strong ground motion prediction can surely be improved.
The Donghai, Jiangsu Province, borehole vertical seismic array is the first vertical seismic array in China. The array is consisted of one station at surface and four stations established at different deep layers in the borehole over
5000 meters deep and another borehole station with multiple geophysical instruments about 500 m away from the5000 m deep borehole. The array can observe more clearer waveforms of micro-earthquakes with zero or negative magnitudes and then improve the ability to monitor crustal and seismic activities. The signal-to-noise ratios of waveforms recorded at different depths in the borehole can provide valuable reference for the construction of underground stations currently. The signal-to-noise ratios of waveforms observed in the borehole are also all greater than or equal to 70 dB. The seismic waveforms with high fidelity were obtained in the high noise background areas by means of the vertical seismic array system. The precise three-dimensional seismic wave velocity model can be established using high-quality seismic waveforms, which contributes to comprehensive reveal of the tectonic movement of the earth. The waveforms without site response and noise observed by the vertical array system are more appropriate constraints for the study of seismic sources too. The innovative research achievements on seismic source theory are expectable by the study under above scientific constraint condition.The borehole seismic observation research not only have made significant contributions to earth science, but also is of great practical significance for the resource assessment, earthquake prediction and disaster prevention and mitigation of earthquakes.
The underground observation net and vertical array observation research are the frontiers of scientific problem in the world currently. More underground observation networks and borehole vertical seismic arrays are being constructed to obtain more high-precision seismic data and research findings, which will continuously innovate the future development of earth science.
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图 1 中国大陆地区部分井下地震台站分布简图
Figure 1. A distribution diagram of some underground seismic stations in Chinese mainland
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图 2 东海垂直地震台阵的地面及井下仪器记录的2019年9月22日烟台ML3.1地震
G0：地表宽频地震仪；G1：400 m深宽频地震仪；G3：3 km深短周期地震仪
Figure 2. The September 22，2019，Yantai ML3.1 earthquake recorded by surface and underground instruments of Donghai
vertical seismic array G0：Surface broadband seismograph；G1：400 m deep broadband seismograph； G3：3 km deep short period seismometer
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图 3 同一地震井下与地面观测的震级比较
Figure 3. Comparison of seismic magnitude between underground and surface observation for the same earthquake
表 1 我国部分井下观测台站基本情况
Table 1 Basic information of some underground observation stations in China
台站名 井深/m 地震仪型 参考文献 台站名 井深/m 地震仪型 参考文献 首都圈台网 150—480 宽、甚频 短周期 刘渊源等（2 011） 上海东滩 421 FSS-3DBH 裴晓等（2 012） 北京市台网 宽、甚频 短周期 兰从欣等（2 005） 上海金泽 305 FSS-3DBH 首都圈白家疃 257 韦士忠和李玉萍（1 990） 上海上戏 370 FSS-3DBH 首都圈文安 266 上海南汇 280 JDF-2 首都圈东三旗 250 上海大新中学 375 FSS-3DBH 首都圈大兴 110 上海竹园 317 JDF-1 首都圈雄县 358 上海虹桥 651 768 首都圈龙门庄 447 上海八角厅 780 JDF-1 吉林松原 384 FSS-3DBH 韦庆海等（2 015） 上海张江 350 KS-2000M 裴晓等（2 013） 吉林松原 243 FSS-3DBH 陈闯等（2 022） 上海崇明 463 李伟等（2 013） 大庆新台 708 JD-2 韦庆海等（2 015） 江苏宝应 460 CMG-3TB 仇中阳等（2 014） 河北赵县 260 BBVS-60 郑德高等（2 018） 江苏高邮 440 CMG-3TB 河北唐海 480 短周期 郑德高等（2 018） 江苏淮安 315 JDF-2 河北涿县 320 768 李彦林和郑淑兰（1 989） 江苏涟水 400 CMG-3TB 河北邯郸 400 JD-2 张新东（2 002） 江苏射阳 380 CMG-3TB 河北肥乡 400 JD-2 江苏盐城 445 CMG-3TB 河北临漳 440 JD-2 江苏金湖 447 GL-S60B 宫杰等（2 019） 天津静海 371 768 赵惠君等（1 991） 江苏滨海 470 GL-S60B 天津芦台 276 768 江苏丹阳 175 GL-S60B 天津武清 450 768 江苏响水 410 GL-S60B 内蒙赤峰 90 GL-S120B 郭延杰等（2 020） 江苏高邮 458 GL-S60B 甘肃天水 337 短周期 蔡耐芳（1 990） 江苏建湖 443 GL-S60B 新疆喀什 283 GL-S60B 赵瑞胜等（2 021） 江苏启东 410 GL-S60B 山西太原 500 JD-2 张少泉等（1 988） 江苏盐城 436 GL-S60B 陕西定边 300 BBSV-60BH 李少睿等（2 016） 江苏泰兴 425 GL-S60B 宁夏灵武 248 JDF-2 江苏东台 458 GL-S60B 宁夏陶乐 245 JDF-2 江苏溧阳 83 CMG-DM24 mk3 胡米东（2 014） 河南安阳 393 FSS-3DBH 江苏盐城 445 CMG-DM24 mk3 河南清丰 308 FSS-3DBH 江苏南通 105 CMG-DM24 mk3 四川泸州 95 CMG-3TB 江苏大丰 366 短周期 徐元耀（1 994） 山东荷泽 370 768 周焕鹏（1 986） 江苏淮阴 325 井下摆 安徽六安 126 GL-S60B 石英杰等（2 021） 江苏海安 420 JD-2 安徽霍邱 150 GL-S60B 石英杰等（2 021） 云南昆明 2 02 GL-S60B 李雷等（2 018） 浙江景宁 68 FSS-3DBH 张明等（2 019） 云南昆明 452 JD-2 修济刚（1 988） 浙江北仑 86 FSS-3DBH 云南大寨 375 井下仪 王芳等（2 017） 浙江南麂岛 110 GL-60DBH 广东汕头 2 00 TBG-60B 郭德顺等（2 014） 上海普陀 564 768 叶世元和柳国华（1 987） 江苏东海 4050 宽频 短周期 Xu等（2 016） 上海海运 600 768 叶世元和柳国华（1 987） 
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表 2 江苏东海垂直地震台阵地面与井下观测能力比较
Table 2 Comparison of observation ability between surface and underground of vertical seismic array in Jiangsu Donghai
ML 震中距
Δ/km地面观测宽频
带地震仪井下观测 井深/m 仪器 观测效果 −1.3 64 无法识别 2545 短周期 图像清晰 −0.5 71 无法识别 2545 短周期 图像清晰 0.8 97 无法识别 3500 短周期 图像清晰 3.1 492 无法识别 400 宽频 图像清晰
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