Hybrid simulation of broadband ground motion: Overview
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摘要: 从发展现状、 主要研究成果和可探讨问题等方面， 对宽频带地震动混合(hybrid)模拟方法进行了系统的评述． 首先介绍了混合模拟方法的发展历程， 从高频段模拟技术、 低频段模拟技术和宽频带合成技术及交叉频率等方面， 介绍了混合模拟方法的研究现状； 随后介绍了混合模拟方法发展过程中一些关键的改进， 包括随频率变化的辐射因子、 非线性场地放大因子、 多重S-S波散射理论等； 最后， 对混合模拟方法中值得深入研究的问题进行了探讨．
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关键词:
- 宽频带地震动 混合模拟 随机合成 有限差分& /
- 交叉频率
Abstract: Researches on hybrid simulation of broadband ground motion were overviewed in terms of the status, achievement and developing trend. The research status was introduced first in terms of high-frequency simulation approach, low-frequency simulation approach and a combined approach of the high-and low-frequency ground motions. Some improvements were introduced, including the frequency dependent radiation pattern, the frequency-dependent non-linear site amplification factor, the multiple S-S scattering theory, and so forth. Issues worth to be studied in present hybrid simulation were proposed. -
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廖振鹏. 2002. 工程波动理论导引［M］. 第二版. 北京：科学出版社： 141——227.
刘海明. 2008. 漳州盆地地震反应分析［D］. 哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工业大学：30——72.
沈军，宋和平，赵伯明. 2009. 乌鲁木齐市活断层强地面运动预测研究［J］. 内陆地震，23(2): 196——205.
盛俭. 2008. 长春市近断层地震动场预测［D］. 长春：吉林大学：122——137.
孙晓丹. 2010. 强地震动场估计中若干问题的研究［D］. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学：113——124.
赵伯明. 2009. 基于复合预测方法的强地震动评价研究［J］. 华中科技大学学报： 自然科学版，37(8): 108——111.
Beresnev I A，Atkinson G M. 1998. Stochastic finite——fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge， California， Earthquake: I. Validation on rock sites ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(6): 1392——1401.
Berge C， Gariel J C， Bernard P. 1998. A very broad——band stochastic source model used for near source strong motion prediction［J］. Geophys Res Lett，25(7): 1063——1066.
Boore D M. 1983. Stochastic simulation of high——frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，73(6A): 1865——1894.
Boore D M. 2003. Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method［J］. Pure Appl Geophys，160: 635——676.
Boore D M. 2009. Comparing stochastic point——source and finite——source ground——motion simulations: SMSIM and EXSIM ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，99(6): 3202——3216.
Boore D M， Boatwright J. 1984. Average body——wave radiation coefficients［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，74(5): 1615——1621.
Boore D M， Joyner W B. 1997. Site amplifications for generic rock sites［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，87(2): 327——341.
Borcherdt R. 1994. Estimates of site——dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification) ［J］. Earthq Spectra，10(4): 617——653.
Bouchon M. 1981. A simple method to calculate Green’s functions for elastic layered media［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，71(4): 959——971.
Bouchon M. 2003. A review of the discrete wavenumber method［J］. Pure Appl Geophys，160(3——4): 445——465.
Bouchon M， Aki K. 1977. Discrete wave number representation of seismic source wave fields［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，67(2): 259——277.
Campbell K W， Bozorgnia Y. 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA，PGV，PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s［J］. Earthq Spectra，24(1): 139——172.
Day S M， Bradley C R. 2001. Memory efficient simulation of anelastic wave propagation ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，91(3): 520——531.
Frankel A. 2009. A constant stress——drop model for producing broadband synthetic seismograms: Comparison with the next generation attenuation relations［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，99(2A): 664——680.
Graves R，Pitarka A. 2004. Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach［C］//Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Canada: Vancouver: 1——6.
Graves R W，Pitarka A. 2010. Broadband ground——motion simulation using a hybrid approach［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2095——2123.
Hall J F， Heaton T H， Halling M W， Wald D J. 1995. Near——source ground motion and its effects on flexible building［J］. Earthq Spectra，11: 569——605.
Harkrider D G. 1983. Synthetics and theoretical seismology［J］. Rev Geophys，21(6): 1299——1308 .
Hartzell S N. 1978. Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions［J］. Geophys Res Lett， 5(1): 1——4.
Hartzell S H， Harmsen S， Frankel A， Larsen S. 1999. Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: Comparison of methods and validation using strong——ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，89(6): 1484——1504.
Heaton T H， Hall J F， Wald D J， Halling M W. 1995. Hulling response of high——rise and base——isolated buildings to a hypothetical MW7.0 Blind Thrust earthquake［J］. Science， 267(5195): 206——211.
Hough S E，Anderson J G. 1988. High——frequency spectra observed at Anza，California: Implications for Q structure［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，78(2): 692——707.
Irikura K. 1986. Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green's function［C］//Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium. Tokyo: 151——156.
Kamae K，Irikura K，Pitarka A. 1998. A technique for simulating strong ground motion using hybrid Green's function［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(2): 357——367.
Liu P C， Archuleta R， Hartzell S H. 2006. Prediction of broadband ground motion time histories: Frequency method with correlation random source parameters［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，96(6): 2118——2130.
Mai P M，Beroza G C. 2003. A hybrid method for calculating near——source，broadband seismograms: Application to strong motion prediction［J］. Phys Earth Planet Interi，137(1——4): 183——199.
Mai P M，Imperatori W，Olsen K B. 2010. Hybrid broadband ground——motion simulations: Combining long——period deterministic synthetics with high——frequency multiple S——to——S back scattering［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2124——2142.
Mena B， Durukal E， Erdik M. 2006. Effectiveness of hybrid Green’s function method in the simulation of near——field strong motion: An application to the 2004 parkfield earthquake［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，96(4B): 183——205.
Mena B，Mai P M，Olsen K B，Purvance M D, Brune J N. 2010. Hybrid broadband ground——motion simulation using scattering Green’s functions: Application to large——magnitude events［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2143——2162.
Motazedian D，Atkinson G M. 2005. Stochastic finite——fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，95(3): 995——1010.
Olson A H， Orcutt J A， Frazier G A. 1984. The discrete wavenumber/finite element method for synthetic seismograms［J］. Geophys J R astr Soc，77(2): 421——460.
Olsen K B. 1994. Simulation of Three——dimensional Wave Propagation in the Salt Lake Basin［D］. Utah: University of Utah: 1——266.
Pitarka A. 1998. 3D elastic finite difference modeling of seismic wave propagation using staggered grid with nonuniform spacing［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(4): 54——68.
Pitarka A，Somerville P， Fukushima Y， Uetake T, Lrikura K. 2000. Simulation of near——fault strong ground motion using hybrid Green’s functions［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，90(3): 566——586.
Pulido N，Kubo T. 2004. Near——fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model［J］. Tectonophysics，390(1——4): 177——192.
Pulido N，Matsuoka M. 2006. Broadband strong motion simulation of the 2004 Niigataken Chuetsu earthquake: Source and site effects［C］//Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. France: Grenoble: 105.
Saikia C K. 1994. Modified frequency——wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using filon’s quadrature——modeling of Lg waves in Eastern North America［J］. Geophys J Int，118(1): 142——158.
Saikia C K，Somerville P G. 1997. Simulated hardrock motions in Saint Louis， Missouri， from Large New Madrid earthquakes (MW≥6.5)［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，87(1): 123——139.
Sørensen M B，Pulido N，Atakan K. 2007. Sensitivity of ground——motion simulations to earthquake source parameters: A case study for Istanbul， Turkey［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，97(3): 881——900.
Tao X X， Sun X D， Liu H M， Li P. 2007. Strong ground motion field forecast for disaster risk reduction in urban area［C］//Proceedings of International Disaster Reduction Conference. China: Harbin: 69——74.
Zeng Y H. 1993. Theory of scattered P—— and S—— wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，83(4): 1264——1276.
Zeng Y H，Su F，Aki K. 1991. Scattering wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium［J］. J Geophys Res，96(B1): 607——619.
Zhao B M. 2010. Seismic hazard analysis of Tianjin area based on strong ground motion prediction［J］. Earthq Sci，23(4): 369——375.
Zhu L， Rivera L. 2002. Computation of dynamic and static displacement from a point source in multi——layered media［J］. Geophys J Int，148(3): 619——627.
廖振鹏. 2002. 工程波动理论导引［M］. 第二版. 北京：科学出版社： 141——227.
刘海明. 2008. 漳州盆地地震反应分析［D］. 哈尔滨： 哈尔滨工业大学：30——72.
沈军，宋和平，赵伯明. 2009. 乌鲁木齐市活断层强地面运动预测研究［J］. 内陆地震，23(2): 196——205.
盛俭. 2008. 长春市近断层地震动场预测［D］. 长春：吉林大学：122——137.
孙晓丹. 2010. 强地震动场估计中若干问题的研究［D］. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学：113——124.
赵伯明. 2009. 基于复合预测方法的强地震动评价研究［J］. 华中科技大学学报： 自然科学版，37(8): 108——111.
Beresnev I A，Atkinson G M. 1998. Stochastic finite——fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge， California， Earthquake: I. Validation on rock sites ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(6): 1392——1401.
Berge C， Gariel J C， Bernard P. 1998. A very broad——band stochastic source model used for near source strong motion prediction［J］. Geophys Res Lett，25(7): 1063——1066.
Boore D M. 1983. Stochastic simulation of high——frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，73(6A): 1865——1894.
Boore D M. 2003. Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method［J］. Pure Appl Geophys，160: 635——676.
Boore D M. 2009. Comparing stochastic point——source and finite——source ground——motion simulations: SMSIM and EXSIM ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，99(6): 3202——3216.
Boore D M， Boatwright J. 1984. Average body——wave radiation coefficients［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，74(5): 1615——1621.
Boore D M， Joyner W B. 1997. Site amplifications for generic rock sites［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，87(2): 327——341.
Borcherdt R. 1994. Estimates of site——dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification) ［J］. Earthq Spectra，10(4): 617——653.
Bouchon M. 1981. A simple method to calculate Green’s functions for elastic layered media［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，71(4): 959——971.
Bouchon M. 2003. A review of the discrete wavenumber method［J］. Pure Appl Geophys，160(3——4): 445——465.
Bouchon M， Aki K. 1977. Discrete wave number representation of seismic source wave fields［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，67(2): 259——277.
Campbell K W， Bozorgnia Y. 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA，PGV，PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s［J］. Earthq Spectra，24(1): 139——172.
Day S M， Bradley C R. 2001. Memory efficient simulation of anelastic wave propagation ［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，91(3): 520——531.
Frankel A. 2009. A constant stress——drop model for producing broadband synthetic seismograms: Comparison with the next generation attenuation relations［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，99(2A): 664——680.
Graves R，Pitarka A. 2004. Broadband time history simulation using a hybrid approach［C］//Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Canada: Vancouver: 1——6.
Graves R W，Pitarka A. 2010. Broadband ground——motion simulation using a hybrid approach［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2095——2123.
Hall J F， Heaton T H， Halling M W， Wald D J. 1995. Near——source ground motion and its effects on flexible building［J］. Earthq Spectra，11: 569——605.
Harkrider D G. 1983. Synthetics and theoretical seismology［J］. Rev Geophys，21(6): 1299——1308 .
Hartzell S N. 1978. Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions［J］. Geophys Res Lett， 5(1): 1——4.
Hartzell S H， Harmsen S， Frankel A， Larsen S. 1999. Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: Comparison of methods and validation using strong——ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，89(6): 1484——1504.
Heaton T H， Hall J F， Wald D J， Halling M W. 1995. Hulling response of high——rise and base——isolated buildings to a hypothetical MW7.0 Blind Thrust earthquake［J］. Science， 267(5195): 206——211.
Hough S E，Anderson J G. 1988. High——frequency spectra observed at Anza，California: Implications for Q structure［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，78(2): 692——707.
Irikura K. 1986. Prediction of strong acceleration motion using empirical Green's function［C］//Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium. Tokyo: 151——156.
Kamae K，Irikura K，Pitarka A. 1998. A technique for simulating strong ground motion using hybrid Green's function［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(2): 357——367.
Liu P C， Archuleta R， Hartzell S H. 2006. Prediction of broadband ground motion time histories: Frequency method with correlation random source parameters［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，96(6): 2118——2130.
Mai P M，Beroza G C. 2003. A hybrid method for calculating near——source，broadband seismograms: Application to strong motion prediction［J］. Phys Earth Planet Interi，137(1——4): 183——199.
Mai P M，Imperatori W，Olsen K B. 2010. Hybrid broadband ground——motion simulations: Combining long——period deterministic synthetics with high——frequency multiple S——to——S back scattering［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2124——2142.
Mena B， Durukal E， Erdik M. 2006. Effectiveness of hybrid Green’s function method in the simulation of near——field strong motion: An application to the 2004 parkfield earthquake［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，96(4B): 183——205.
Mena B，Mai P M，Olsen K B，Purvance M D, Brune J N. 2010. Hybrid broadband ground——motion simulation using scattering Green’s functions: Application to large——magnitude events［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，100(5A): 2143——2162.
Motazedian D，Atkinson G M. 2005. Stochastic finite——fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，95(3): 995——1010.
Olson A H， Orcutt J A， Frazier G A. 1984. The discrete wavenumber/finite element method for synthetic seismograms［J］. Geophys J R astr Soc，77(2): 421——460.
Olsen K B. 1994. Simulation of Three——dimensional Wave Propagation in the Salt Lake Basin［D］. Utah: University of Utah: 1——266.
Pitarka A. 1998. 3D elastic finite difference modeling of seismic wave propagation using staggered grid with nonuniform spacing［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，88(4): 54——68.
Pitarka A，Somerville P， Fukushima Y， Uetake T, Lrikura K. 2000. Simulation of near——fault strong ground motion using hybrid Green’s functions［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，90(3): 566——586.
Pulido N，Kubo T. 2004. Near——fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model［J］. Tectonophysics，390(1——4): 177——192.
Pulido N，Matsuoka M. 2006. Broadband strong motion simulation of the 2004 Niigataken Chuetsu earthquake: Source and site effects［C］//Third International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion. France: Grenoble: 105.
Saikia C K. 1994. Modified frequency——wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using filon’s quadrature——modeling of Lg waves in Eastern North America［J］. Geophys J Int，118(1): 142——158.
Saikia C K，Somerville P G. 1997. Simulated hardrock motions in Saint Louis， Missouri， from Large New Madrid earthquakes (MW≥6.5)［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，87(1): 123——139.
Sørensen M B，Pulido N，Atakan K. 2007. Sensitivity of ground——motion simulations to earthquake source parameters: A case study for Istanbul， Turkey［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，97(3): 881——900.
Tao X X， Sun X D， Liu H M， Li P. 2007. Strong ground motion field forecast for disaster risk reduction in urban area［C］//Proceedings of International Disaster Reduction Conference. China: Harbin: 69——74.
Zeng Y H. 1993. Theory of scattered P—— and S—— wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer，83(4): 1264——1276.
Zeng Y H，Su F，Aki K. 1991. Scattering wave energy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medium［J］. J Geophys Res，96(B1): 607——619.
Zhao B M. 2010. Seismic hazard analysis of Tianjin area based on strong ground motion prediction［J］. Earthq Sci，23(4): 369——375.
Zhu L， Rivera L. 2002. Computation of dynamic and static displacement from a point source in multi——layered media［J］. Geophys J Int，148(3): 619——627.
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