Characteristics of seismic ambient noise in Sichuan region
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摘要: 选取四川省数字测震台网2015年1月1日至2018年12月31日期间60个固定台站的三分量连续波形记录，计算了台站噪声加速度功率谱密度及相应的概率密度函数分布，统计了不同频率下的噪声功率谱密度值分布，对不同区域、不同频率下背景噪声水平的变化特征予以分析。结果表明：大部分地震台站的高频段噪声由于受到台站附近人为的、规律的作息生活和生产方式的影响，呈现明显的季节性变化和日变化，即夏季噪声水平升高，冬季降低，在农历春节期间达到全年最低值，地理空间分布特征不明显；第二类地脉动冬季噪声水平升高，夏季降低，季节性变化明显，平均变化为1—5 dB，且冬季峰值出现的频率向长周期方向移动1—2 s，呈现明显的地理空间分布特征，川东地区平均噪声水平最高，攀西地区次之，川西高原最低；与第二类地脉动相比，第一类地脉动观测到的噪声能量较弱，季节性变化不明显，地理空间分布的噪声水平差异明显减小；在20 s以上的长周期部分，台站噪声未呈明显的季节性和地理空间分布差异。此外，将地震计安置在山洞和井下，可以有效地降低台站周围干扰源、温度和压强对高频段和长周期观测的影响，噪声水平低于地表安装方式。Abstract: Based on the three-component continuous waveform data recorded by sixty permanent seismic stations in Sichuan seismic network from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, this paper calculated the noise power spectral densities and corresponding probability density functions, then gave the statistical characteristics of noise power spectral density at different frequencies, and finally analyzed the characteristics of noise level at different regions and frequencies. The results show that the high-frequency seismic noises of most stations are affected by the nearby human activities, production mode and lifestyle, which has obvious seasonal and diurnal variations. The noise level increases during summer and decreases during winter with the lowest level during the Spring Festival in the whole year; and the geographical distribution is not obvious. For double-frequency microseisms, the noise level increases during winter and decreases during summer, and has obvious seasonal variation with an average of 1−5 dB, which has obvious geographical distribution characteristics. The average noise level in eastern Sichuan is the highest, followed by Panxi region, and the lowest in western Sichuan Plateau. The microseism peaks have different amplitudes and occur at different frequencies in summer and winter, with the peaks shifted by 1−2 s toward longer periods in the winter. Compared with the double-frequency microseism band, the noise energy at primary microseism band is weaker, the seasonal variation is not obvious, and the difference of noise level in geographical distribution is significantly reduced. While the long-period （＞20 s） noise level has no obvious seasonal variation and no difference in geographical distribution. In addition, installing seismographs in caves and borehole can effectively reduce the influence of noise sources, temperature and pressure on high-frequency band and long-period observations, therefore the noise level is lower than that of shallow installations.
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Keywords:
- Sichuan region /
- ambient noise /
- noise level /
- probability density function
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图 10 四川台网地震台站垂直分量不同周期的噪声水平空间分布
Figure 10. Geographic distribution of vertical-component noise level for different periods at the seismic stations in Sichuan seismic network
（a） f ＝25.000 0 Hz；（b） f ＝9.638 8 Hz；（c） f ＝2.026 3 Hz；（d） f ＝0.328 5 Hz
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图 1 四川省数字测震台网固定台站分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of permanent stations in Sichuan digital seismic network
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图 2 四川台网金鸡寺（JJS）和天全（TQU）地震台2015年1月1日至2018年12月31日三分量连续观测数据的噪声功率谱密度（PSD）的概率密度函数（PDF）分布图
Figure 2. PSD-PDF distribution of three-component ambient noise at the stations JJS and TQU in Sichuan seismic network recorded from January 1，2015 to December 31，2018
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图 3 四川台网金鸡寺（JJS）台（a）和天全（TQU）台（b）三分量统计中值和最小值功率谱密度（PSD）曲线
Figure 3. The three-component median and minimum PSD curves for the stations JJS （a） and TQU （b） in Sichuan seismic network
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图 4 华蓥山台（HYS）台（a）和道孚（DFU）台（b）垂直分量噪声功率谱密度（PSD）值的日变化
Figure 4. Diurnal variations of vertical-component ambient noise PSD for the station HYS （a） and DFU （b）
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图 5 地震台站垂直分量夜晚时段的噪声水平及其与白天的噪声水平变化值
Figure 5. The vertical-component noise levels of the seismic stations at nighttime （color） and their difference from daytime （circles） in the selected period bands
（a） 3—10 Hz；（b） 10—20 Hz；（c） 20—40 Hz
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图 6 2015年1月1日至2018年12月31日道孚（DFU）地震台三分量噪声加速度功率谱密度（PSD）值随时间的变化分布
Figure 6. PSD spectrogram of ambient noise obtained from continuous three-component records at station DFU from January 1，2015 to December 31，2018
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图 7 2015年1月1日至2018年12月31日道孚（DFU）地震台中心周期Tc为0.32 s和4.6951 s时三分量背景噪声功率谱密度（PSD）值随时间的变化
Figure 7. PSD values of ambient noise at the central periods Tc 0.32 s and 4.695 1 s obtained from continuous three-component records for the station DFU in Sichuan seismic network from January 1，2015 to December 31，2018
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图 8 四川台网各台站夏季（a）和冬季（b） 0.1—0.5 Hz频段的垂直分量噪声水平分布
Figure 8. Distribution of vertical-component noise level in Sichuan seismic network in the frequency band 0.1—0.5 Hz during summer （a） and winter （b）
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图 9 道孚（DFU）台（a）和金鸡寺（JJS）台（b）垂直分量夏季和冬季噪声功率谱密度（PSD）的概率密度函数（PDF）分布及中值、最小值PSD曲线
Figure 9. The PDF distribution of PSD for vertical-component seismic noise in summer and winter for the stations DFU （a） and JJS （b） and the median and minimum PSD curves
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图 10 四川台网地震台站垂直分量不同周期的噪声水平空间分布
Figure 10. Geographic distribution of vertical-component noise level for different periods at the seismic stations in Sichuan Seismic Network
（e） f ＝0.195 3 Hz；（f） f ＝0.097 7 Hz；（g） f ＝0.063 3 Hz；（h） f ＝0.048 8 Hz；（i） f ＝0.041 1 Hz；（j） f ＝0.020 5 Hz
表 1 四川数字测震台网各台站垂直分量夜晚时段的噪声水平及昼夜变化值
Table 1 The vertical-component noise level at nighttime for the seismic stations of Sichuan digital seismic networks and their difference from daytime
序号 台站
名称台站
代码3—10 Hz 频带 10—20 Hz 频带 20—40 Hz 频带 夜晚噪声水平
/dB昼夜变化
/dB夜晚噪声水平
/dB昼夜变化
/dB夜晚噪声水平
/dB昼夜变化
/dB1 安县 AXI −127.27 2.25 −118.32 5.21 −109.54 2.15 2 安岳 AYU −131.74 8.00 −136.56 16.16 −138.21 14.52 3 宝兴 BAX −130.44 8.31 −117.78 6.22 −120.61 10.66 4 巴塘 BTA −129.44 10.80 −128.70 13.22 −129.35 11.84 5 丙乙底 BYD −140.19 12.60 −140.18 9.43 −134.32 6.09 6 巴中 BZH −131.37 10.40 −134.36 11.41 −134.25 11.08 7 成都 CD2 −125.10 2.56 −128.30 2.02 −129.47 0.62 8 苍溪 CXI −131.53 10.28 −135.32 8.14 −129.87 2.86 9 道孚 DFU −143.91 12.94 −148.38 9.48 −146.51 2.91 10 峨眉山 EMS −121.74 9.20 −123.48 11.10 −130.33 13.96 11 姑咱 GZA −130.59 4.06 −125.17 5.59 −124.94 3.35 12 甘孜 GZI −129.86 12.40 −137.94 13.45 −135.92 7.78 13 会理 HLI −123.38 9.63 −124.19 7.98 −128.13 9.39 14 花马石 HMS −133.13 5.94 −136.34 7.78 −134.90 3.90 15 黑水 HSH −133.09 7.44 −126.52 8.01 −128.26 3.66 16 汉王山 HWS −136.54 5.29 −134.05 4.37 −135.98 4.09 17 华蓥山 HYS −125.08 1.27 −118.83 1.77 −122.46 2.25 18 红原 HYU −142.59 14.29 −133.77 13.00 −134.80 12.41 19 金鸡寺 JJS −134.91 7.22 −133.69 10.42 −133.33 2.69 20 筠连 JLI −139.43 10.59 −131.01 12.04 −133.60 14.78 21 九龙 JLO −138.43 7.17 −138.66 10.98 −142.43 11.01 22 剑门关 JMG −138.83 8.68 −138.19 9.74 −133.98 5.33 23 井研 JYA −135.63 6.94 −143.38 14.73 −144.64 11.14 24 九寨沟 JZG −143.93 10.13 −138.60 10.88 −139.05 9.52 25 雷波 LBO −131.24 10.66 −127.53 7.02 −132.99 6.24 26 泸沽湖 LGH −149.44 14.08 −140.25 17.69 −140.59 15.58 27 理塘 LTA −142.38 15.07 −131.62 12.86 −131.36 12.89 28 泸州 LZH −131.22 9.94 −126.66 7.42 −130.66 9.66 29 马边 MBI −131.59 13.84 −127.66 13.60 −131.69 13.40 30 蒙顶山 MDS −135.24 10.02 −137.06 14.35 −138.71 10.78 31 马尔康 MEK −141.97 9.81 −137.25 9.69 −138.41 8.31 32 美姑 MGU −134.78 12.20 −125.74 9.81 −128.07 15.16 33 木里 MLI −135.31 12.81 −126.96 10.05 −131.70 8.18 34 冕宁 MNI −108.62 1.71 −114.16 4.25 −124.79 7.96 35 茂县 MXI −134.25 11.63 −134.37 10.36 −133.92 6.51 36 普格 PGE −128.34 11.18 −133.24 11.94 −138.73 12.89 37 平武 PWU −142.46 6.76 −131.86 5.99 −129.30 3.36 38 攀枝花 PZH −134.60 11.94 −123.00 14.34 −127.04 11.74 39 青川 QCH −142.28 11.17 −138.21 12.09 −135.66 7.61 40 若尔盖 REG −132.80 8.29 −122.80 5.49 −122.06 6.80 41 壤塘 RTA −138.34 13.67 −132.06 14.16 −133.48 13.50 42 石棉 SMI −129.27 5.63 −128.19 9.15 −134.12 6.46 43 石门坎 SMK −141.35 11.93 −138.73 11.61 −136.89 6.15 44 松潘 SPA −130.44 5.59 −133.89 5.33 −128.07 1.97 45 天全 TQU −131.84 9.86 −128.01 13.52 −138.34 11.40 46 旺苍 WAC −134.56 7.56 −137.98 13.32 −137.63 13.41 47 汶川 WCH −129.50 4.09 −129.94 5.84 −135.15 5.22 48 五马坪 WMP −142.63 3.89 −145.97 2.85 −140.49 0.93 49 乡城 XCE −137.05 8.75 −136.27 6.85 −128.68 0.65 50 西充 XCO −134.28 9.76 −134.11 9.14 −132.33 8.64 51 宣汉 XHA −133.50 11.09 −116.23 1.91 −110.09 1.65 52 小金 XJI −130.91 8.22 −125.06 10.11 −128.29 9.12 53 玄生坝 XSB −136.00 5.82 −134.56 7.61 −133.86 5.26 54 油罐顶 YGD −133.25 5.53 −130.74 4.95 −127.52 2.33 55 雅江 YJI −137.74 9.25 −132.05 10.21 −132.70 10.10 56 盐亭 YTI −134.13 7.75 −133.68 10.24 −129.88 10.63 57 园艺场 YYC −128.69 6.71 −130.78 7.70 −131.39 8.14 58 盐源 YYU −144.94 9.33 −140.59 18.68 −135.41 18.48 59 油榨坪 YZP −142.15 4.39 −138.50 4.90 −136.64 3.87 60 仲家沟 ZJG −121.31 2.11 −122.69 1.81 −118.80 −2.69 最小值/dB −149.44 1.27 −148.38 1.77 −146.51 −2.69 最大值/dB −108.62 15.07 −114.16 18.68 −109.54 18.48 平均值/dB −134.11 8.67 −131.67 9.33 −132.01 7.84 中 值/dB −134.19 9.23 −132.65 9.72 −133.16 8.05 
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