Characteristics of pulses in near-fault ground motion based on Hilbert-Huang transform
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摘要: 近断层地震动中存在的低频、大幅值速度脉冲使得临近断层结构具有更高的强度和延性需求。对近断层地震动脉冲特性的深入研究有利于加深对临近断层结构反应的认识，从而为临近断层结构抗震设计提供理论依据。受强震记录处理及速度脉冲识别和提取方法的限制，目前已有的研究工作主要集中于近断层地震动记录的单脉冲特性，多脉冲特性涉及较少。本文基于希尔伯特-黄变换及其相关理论，针对近断层地震动，提出了涵盖原始强震记录基线校正，至多速度脉冲定量判别及提取的整套脉冲特性研究方法，该方法对多脉冲记录尤为有效；基于提取出的理想化速度脉冲构建了（多）脉冲参数与地震参数的统计关系；以脉冲持时新定义了近断层地震动的有效强震持时，并通过多层结构非线性时程分析进行了验证。新方法中，基线校正过程可以获得稳定的地面峰值位移（PGD）和具有物理意义的基线偏移时程；提出的速度脉冲识别及波形提取方法可以将每个脉冲准确定位于时域，同时自动化获得脉冲相关参数；基于理想脉冲定义的近断层地震动有效强震持时可以良好地 表征多脉冲记录的强度。Abstract: Large-amplitude and long-period pulses are observed in velocity time histories of near-fault ground-motion records. The pulses in these records can pose severe ductility or strength demands to the near-fault structures and can subject them to higher collapse risks. Further research on the characteristics of pulses in near-fault ground motion is beneficial to deepen the understanding of the response of structures close to faults, and provide theoretical basis for the aseismic design. At present, methods related to strong motion processing and identification of near-fault pulses mainly focus on the single pulse in a record, so the multi-pulse characteristics of near-fault ground motions are less involved. Hence, a set of methods based on Hilbert-Huang transform （HHT） are proposed here to investigate the multi-pulse characteristics. Firstly, the raw near-fault record is corrected by the proposed HSA method, and then the ideal pulse signal can be extracted by the HHT method from the corrected record. According to the extracted pulse signal, the statistical relationships between pulse parameters and earthquake parameters are investigated. Finally, an effective strong motion duration is defined based on the pulse duration, which is verified by the nonlinear time history analysis of multi-storey buildings. The developed methods are particularly suitable for multi-pulse records. Stable peak ground displacement （PGD） and physically baseline offset time history can be obtained by the HSA method. Each velocity pulse in a record can be located in the time domain exactly and automatically by the HHT method. The proposed definition of strong motion duration for near-fault records can well characterize the intensity of multi-pulse records.
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图 13 各个脉冲周期与主能量脉冲周期
$T_{\rm{p}}^{{E}} $ 间的关系Figure 13. Relationship between the nth pulse in time domain and the main large-energy pulse period
$T_{\rm{p}}^{{E}} $ ![]()
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图 2 各层提取出的未污染成分的位移时程
Figure 2. Displacement time histories of uncontaminated components extracted from each level
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图 3 校正后的位移时程（1999年集集地震TCU129台站）
Figure 3. The final corrected displacement time history of the record from the station TCU129 （EW） during Chi-Chi earthquake
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图 4 每层分解校正后获得的最终位移时程（1999年集集地震TCU129台站）
Figure 4. Final displacement time history of each level from extraction of the record by the station TCU129 （EW） during Chi-Chi earthquake
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图 5 HSA方法和传统两点校正法获得的基线偏移加速度时程（1999年集集地震TCU068台站）
Figure 5. Acceleration time history of the baseline shift obtained by the HSA method and the traditional baseline adjustment method （Station TCU068 of 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake）
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图 6 样本数据库96条强震记录的r值分布
Figure 6. PGV/PGA ratio for 96 strong motion records in the database
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图 7 1994年北岭地震Jensen Filter Plant台站记录的各阶IMF能量变化 （a）及速度反应谱 （b）
Figure 7. Energy changes （a） and spectral velocity （b） of each intrinsic mode function （IMF） for Jensen Filter Plant station during 1994 Northridge earthquake
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图 8 由IMF5和IMF6引发的尖刺（1983年科灵加地震普莱森特瓦利台站）
Figure 8. A spike caused by IMF5 and IMF6 in the velocity time history from the Pleasant Valley station during 1983 Coalinga earthquake
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图 10 以HHT方法（a）和小波迭代方法（b）提取出的脉冲波形（2011年新西兰基督城地震PRPC台站）
Figure 10. Pulses extracted by the HHT （a） and the iterative procedure （b） method for the velocity time history recorded from PRPC station during 2011 Christchurch earthquake
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图 11 原始强震记录、初步提取脉冲以及理想脉冲（1994年北岭地震Pacoima Dam台站）
Figure 11. Original record，rough pulse signal and localized pulses （1994 Northridge earthquake， Pacoima Dam station）
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图 12 脉冲个数与断层距和场地条件的关系
Figure 12. Contour map of rupture distance，shear wave velocity and the number of inherent pulses
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图 14 主能量脉冲周期
$T_{\rm{p}}^{{E}} $ 与震级M的关系Figure 14. Relationship between
$T_{\rm{p}}^{{E}} $ and magnitude M![]()
图 16 1994年北岭地震中Pacoima Dam台站记录到的理想脉冲速度时程（a）及能量累积过程（b）
Figure 16. Pulse velocity time history （a） and energy flux （b） for the record from Pacoima Dam station during 1994 Northridge earthquake
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图 17 1979年帝王谷地震中El-Centro Array #10台站记录到的理想脉冲速度时程（a）及能量累积过程（b）
Figure 17. Pulse velocity time history （a） and energy flux （b） for the record from El-Centro Array #10 station during 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake
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图 18 二十层抗弯钢框架全持时记录与有效持时记录输入下顶层位移时程
Figure 18. Top displacement time histories for 20-storey Benchmark steel moment resisting frame under total duration and pulse duration records
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图 19 二十层抗弯钢框架全持时和有效持时下最大层间位移角
Figure 19. Max interstorey drift of total and pulse duration for 20-storey moment resistant steel frame structure
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图 20 二十层抗弯钢框架全持时和有效持时下层间位移角
Figure 20. Interstorey drift of total and pulse duration for 20-storey moment resistant steel frame structure
表 1 有效持时记录和全持时记录输入下结构最大层间位移角比较
Table 1 Comparison of the max interstorey drift under pulse duration and total duration
三层 九层 二十层 均值比 0.98 1.00 0.99 可决系数 0.97 0.98 0.98 标准差 0.02 0.02 0.02 
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