Moment tensor inversion and source fault determination of the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and the 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake
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摘要:
2023年1月30日塔里木盆地北部新疆沙雅发生MS6.1地震，其附近曾发生过2012年3月9日洛浦MS6.0地震，两次地震均发生在巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷构造带。通过gCAP方法测定了2023年沙雅MS6.1地震和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震的矩张量解，分析了沙雅地震和洛浦地震震源机制与区域应力场的关系，初步确定了其可能的震源断层。结果显示：矩张量反演得到的2023年沙雅MS6.1地震震源机制解节面Ⅰ参数为走向251°、倾角68°、滑动角6°，节面Ⅱ参数为走向159°、倾角84°、滑动角158°，震源机制为走滑型，P轴方位为207°，倾伏角为11°；2012年洛浦MS6.0地震震源机制解节面Ⅰ参数为走向274°、倾角61°、滑动角67°，节面Ⅱ参数为走向135°、倾角36°、滑动角125°，震源机制为逆冲型，P轴方位为20°，倾伏角为13°；两次地震的P轴方位与巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷带NNE向主压应力方向一致；沙雅地震的地震矩M0为7.798×1017 N·m，矩张量解Mrr，Mtt，Mpp，Mrt，Mrp，Mtp分别为−0.081，−0.821，0.342，0.064，−0.358，0.685；洛浦地震的地震矩M0为9.076×1017 N·m，矩张量解Mrr，Mtt，Mpp，Mrt，Mrp，Mtp分别为0.517，−0.910，−0.353，−0.491，−0.180，0.341，且均属于典型天然构造地震事件。两次地震的震源机制与应力体系关系显示，其震源机制解节面的相对剪应力几乎达到了最大，且震源机制解滑动角与剪应力滑动角相差较小，表明两次地震几乎均发生在构造应力场的最优释放节面上，并主要以剪应力作用体现。结合已有研究，初步推测两次地震震源机制解的节面Ⅱ为可能的发震破裂面，2023年沙雅地震的发震构造可能为阿瓦提凹陷中地壳约30 km滑脱构造带上方NW走向的高倾角捩断层，地震错动方式为右旋走滑，该地震是由于塔里木克拉通北部整体向南天山深部俯冲导致NW向平移断条之间产生撕裂作用；2012年洛浦地震可能与巴楚隆起上盘相对于阿瓦提凹陷下盘NE方向逆冲运动产生的NW走向且断层面SW向倾的发震构造有关。
Abstract:On January 30, 2023, a MS6.1 earthquake occurred in Xinjiang Shaya in the northern Tarim basin. The MS6.0 Luopu earthquake on March 9, 2012 was the latest strong earthquake near the Shaya epicenter. These two earthquakes both occurred in the Bachu uplift to Awati depression tectonic belt. The moment tensor solutions of 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake were determined by gCAP method. The relationship between focal mechanisms of Shaya and Luopu earthquakes and regional stress regime was analyzed. Finally, the source faults were preliminarily determined. Moment tensor inversion results indicate that the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake is a strike-slip event with strike 251°, dip 68°, rake 6° for nodal plane Ⅰ and 159°, 84°, 158° for nodal plane Ⅱ, respectively, the Paxis azimuth is 207° and plunge angle is 11°, and that of the 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake is a thrust event with strike 274°, dip 61°, rake 67° for nodal plane Ⅰ and 135°, 36°, 125° for nodal plane Ⅱ, respectively, the P-axis azimuth is 20° and plunge angle is 13°. The P-axis azimuths are both consistant with the principal compressive stress direction in the NNE direction of the tectonic stress field in the Bachu uplift to Awati depression belt. The results of the full moment tensor solutions show that for Shaya earthquake the seismic moment M0 is 7.798×1017 N·m while the moment tensor solutions Mrr, Mtt, Mpp, Mrt, Mrp, Mtp are −0.081, −0.821, 0.342, 0.064, −0.358, 0.685, and for Luopu earthquake the seismic moment M0 is 9.076×1017 N·m while the moment tensor solutions Mrr, Mtt, Mpp, Mrt, Mrp, Mtp are 0.517, −0.910, −0.353, −0.491, −0.180, 0.341, and that both Shaya and Luopu earthquakes belong to typical natural tectonic seismic events. The relationship between the focal mechanisms and the stress regime of the two earthquakes reveals that the relative shear stress of the focal mechanism plane is almost the maximum, and the difference between the rake of the focal mechanism and that of the shear stress is small, indicating that the two earthquakes almost both occurred at the optimal release plane of the tectonic stress field, and are mainly affected by the shear stress. Combined with the previous studies, it is speculated that the nodal plane Ⅱ of the focal mechanism solution of the two earthquakes is the possible seismogenic rupture plane. The seismogenic structure of the 2023 Shaya earthquake may be a high-dip transition tear fault on the NW strike above the 30 km deep detachment tectonic belt of the middle crust of Awati depression, and the earthquake dislocation mode may be right-lateral strike-slip. It belongs to the tearing between NW trending translational fault blocks caused by deep subduction from the northern Tarim Craton to the southern Tianshan tectonic belt. The 2012 Luopu earthquake may be related to the NW striking and SW dipping seismogenic fault generated by the overthrust of the hanging wall of Bachu uplift which is in the NE direction above the footwall of Awati depression.
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图 8 巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷带区域应力体系与沙雅、洛浦地震震源机制的关系
Figure 8. Relationships between the stress regime in the Bachu uplift-Awati depression zone and the focal mechanisms of the Shaya and Luopu earthquakes
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图 1 2023年沙雅MS6.1地震和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震震中、本文矩张量结果及其震中周缘M≥6.0地震分布
F1：阿恰断裂；F2：吐木休克断裂；F3：巴东断裂；F4：喀拉玉尔滚断裂；F5：库车河断裂。断裂据周慧等（2021）、李涛和王宗秀（2006）描绘
Figure 1. Epicenters of the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and the 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake，this paper results and the distribution of M≥6.0 earthquakes
F1：Aqia fault；F2：Tumuxiuke fault；F3：Badong fault；F4：Kalayuergun fault； F5：Kuchehe fault.These faults were sketched based on Zhou et al （2021），Li and Wang （2006）
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图 2 用于计算沙雅（a）和洛浦（b）地震震源机制解的台站分布（台站震中距为450 km内）
Figure 2. Distribution of the stations used for calculating the focal mechanism solutions of Shaya （a）and Luopu （b） earthquakes （Stations shown are within 450 km to the epicenter）
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图 3 2023年沙雅MS6.1地震（a）和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震（b）的矩张量解及其拟合残差随深度的变化
Figure 3. The moment tensor solutions of the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake （a） and 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake （b） and the variations of fitting residual errors with focal depths
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图 4 2023年沙雅MS6.1地震最佳拟合深度处的矩张量解及其波形拟合情况
波形左侧的字母为台站代码，字母下侧数字分别为震中距（km）和相对偏移时间（s），波形下方的两行数字分别为理论波形（红色）相对实际波形（黑色）的移动时间（s）及其相关系数，下同
Figure 4. Moment tensor solution and waveforms fitting at the best fitting depth of the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake
Letters on the left side of the waveforms are station codes. Numbers under the letters are epicenter distance （in kilometer） and relative offset time （in second） ，and the numbers below the waveforms are the time shifts （in second） and cross-correlation coefficients of the theoretical waveforms （red） relative to the observed waveforms （black） respectively，the same below
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图 5 2012 年洛浦MS6.0地震最佳拟合深度处的矩张量解及其波形拟合情况
Figure 5. Moment tensor solution and waveforms fitting at the best fitting depth of the 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake
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图 6 Bootstrap抽样方法评估的2023年MS6.1沙雅地震（a）和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震（b）震源机制误差
Figure 6. Focal mechanism errors of 2023 Shaya MS6.1 earthquake （a） and 2012 Luopu MS6.0 earthquake （b） evaluated by Bootstrap sampling method
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图 7 2023年沙雅MS6.1地震（a）和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震（b）不同来源的震源机制解
震源机制解按中心解最小空间旋转角排序
Figure 7. Focal mechanism solutions from different sources of 2023 Shaya MS6.1 earthquake （a） and 2012 Luopu MS6.0 earthquake （b）
Focal mechanism solutions are sorted by the minimum 3-D rotation angles from the central focal mechanism solution
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图 9 沙雅MS6.1地震（a）和洛浦MS6.0地震（b）震源机制解节面的相对剪应力、区域主压应力走向及P轴方位
Figure 9. The relative shear stress on nodal planes，the azimuth of regional principal compressive stress，and the azimuth of the P axis of focal mechanism solutions for the MS6.1 Shaya earthquake （a） and the MS6.0 Luopu earthquake （b）
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图 10 本文初步推测的洛浦MS6.0地震（a）和沙雅MS6.1地震（b）可能的发震断层及其运动方式
Figure 10. Possible seismogenic faults and their motion modes for the MS6.0 Luopu earthquake （a） and the MS6.1 Shaya earthquake （b）
表 1 巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷带区域一维速度模型
Table 1 1-D velocity structure for the Bachu uplift-Awati depression zone
层号 顶层深度/km vP/（km·s−1） vS/（km·s−1） 层号 顶层深度/km vP/（km·s−1） vS/（km·s−1） 1 0 4.69 2.77 6 30 6.59 3.90 2 5 5.38 3.19 7 40 6.97 4.13 3 10 5.29 3.13 8 45 8.06 4.77 4 15 5.43 3.21 9 50 8.19 4.84 5 20 5.80 3.43 
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表 2 gCAP方法矩张量反演得到的2023年沙雅MS6.1和2012年洛浦MS6.0地震的震源机制解参数
Table 2 Focal mechanism solutions of the 2023 MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and the 2012 MS6.0 Luopu earthquake from gCAP inversion method
地震事件 节面Ⅰ 节面Ⅱ P轴 T轴 B轴 震源机
制类型走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 走向/° 倾角/° 滑动角/° 方位/° 倾伏角/° 方位/° 倾伏角/° 方位/° 倾伏角/° 2023年沙雅MS6.1 251 68 6 159 84 158 207 11 113 19 325 67 走滑型 2012年洛浦MS6.0 274 61 67 135 36 125 20 13 142 66 286 20 逆冲型
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表 3 沙雅MS6.1地震和洛浦MS6.0地震全矩张量解各成分的比例
Table 3 The percentage of each component of full moment tensor solution for the MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and the MS6.0 Luopu earthquake
地震事件 ζ χ ΛISO ΛCLVD ΛDC 2023年沙雅MS6.1 −0.23 0.03 5.29% 0.09% 94.62% 2012年洛浦MS6.0 −0.30 −0.07 9.00% 0.45% 90.55% 注：ζ 为ISO分量值，χ为CLVD分量值；ΛISO，ΛDC及ΛCLVD分别代表全矩张量解里ISO，DC及CLVD的比例。
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表 4 应力张量在沙雅MS6.1地震和洛浦MS6.0地震震源机制解的两个节面上产生的相对剪应力和正应力
Table 4 Relative shear stress and normal stress generated by the stress tensor on the two nodal planes of the focal mechanism solutions of the MS6.1 Shaya earthquake and the MS6.0 Luopu earthquake
地震事件 节面 相对剪应力 相对正应力 剪应力的滑动角/° 震源机制解的滑动角/° 滑动角绝对值之差/° 2023年
沙雅MS6.1地震节面Ⅰ（ENE向） 0.901 −0.475 32.2 6.0 26.2 节面Ⅱ（NNW向） 0.890 0.256 −177.4 157.0 20.4 2012年
洛浦MS6.0地震节面Ⅰ（EW向） 0.756 −0.682 76.1 67.0 9.1 节面Ⅱ（NW向） 0.787 −0.030 143.6 125.0 18.6
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