New progress in seismic oceanography
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摘要: 多尺度动力过程是当前海洋学研究的重点。地震海洋学能在数百km的剖面上获得分辨率为10 m的高质量数据，基于该数据能够解析涡旋边缘的亚中尺度动力现象（如北冰洋地震剖面研究发现的漂亮旋臂）和内孤立波的振幅垂向结构，并能够进行内孤立波波形变化与混合参数分布叠合分析等，本文对这些方面获得的新认识和新进展进行了综述。同时，共偏移距剖面叠前偏移方法充分利用多道地震的多次覆盖特点，获得随时间变化的一系列地震图像，为地震海洋学在海洋内部结构的时空演变研究方面增添了利器。因此，地震海洋学提供的新的时空视角必将在海洋多尺度动力过程研究中起到重要作用。
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关键词:
- 地震海洋学 /
- 涡旋 /
- 内孤立波 /
- 多尺度动力过程 /
- 共偏移距剖面叠前偏移
Abstract: Ocean multi-scale dynamic processes are the focus of current oceanography research. Seismic oceanography can obtain high-quality data with a resolution of 10 m on hundreds of km section, so it can analyze the sub-mesoscale dynamic phenomenon at the edge of an eddy （such as the beautiful spiral arm found in the Arctic Ocean seismic section study） and the vertical amplitude structure of the internal solitary waves, and can combine the internal solitary wave waveform change with the mixing parameter distribution. This paper reviews the new insights and advances of these studies. At the same time, the common offset section prestack migration method makes full use of the multiple coverage characteristics of multi-channel seismic method to obtain the temporal variation of seismic images, thus adding a key tool to seismic oceanography for revealing the spatio-temporal evolution of the ocean internal structure. Therefore, the new space-time perspective provided by seismic oceanography will play an important role in the study of ocean multi-scale dynamic processes. -
图 1 同步采集的地震和流速剖面上的气旋涡旋（左）和反气旋涡旋（右）（引自 Zhang et al，2022）
（a） 02测线和03ba-1测线的地震图像；（b） 02测线和03ba-1测线的垂直断面流速，图中正值（红色）表示海流从页面向内，负值（蓝色）表示海流向外；（c） 02号测线和03ba-1号测线沿断面流速，图中正值（红色）表示海流向左，负值（蓝色）表示海流向右
Figure 1. Cyclonic eddy （left） and anticlonic eddy （right） shown on the seismic images，perpendicular section component and along section component of water current velocity from acoustic Doppler current profilers （ADCP） （after Zhang et al，2022）
（a） Seismic images of lines 02 and 03ba-1；（b） Perpendicular section component of water current velocity of lines 02 and 03ba-1，where a positive value （in red color） indicates the current is inward from the page，and a negative value （in blue color） is outward；（c） Along section component of water current velocity of lines 02 and 03ba-1，where a positive value （in red color） in the along section component indicates the current is leftward，and a negative value （in blue color） is rightward
图 2 利用反射地震与水文同步观测资料揭示的北冰洋楚科奇海域涡旋分布（引自Zhang et al，2022）
黑色实线表示地震测量剖面；黄色实线显示了地震剖面上涡核部分的范围；实心圆表示估计的涡核分布范围，其中黑色实心圆表示涡旋的位置，红色实心圆表示暖水核涡旋，两个蓝色实心圆表示冷水核涡旋；红色弯曲箭头表示气旋和反气旋的旋转方向；绿色星号表示抛弃式温度剖面仪（XBT）测量站的位置
Figure 2. The distribution of eddies in the Chukotka Sea in the Arctic Ocean （after Zhang et al，2022）
Solid black lines indicate the seismic survey lines. Solid yellow lines show the range of the eddy core part on the seismic images. The circles with different colors indicate the estimated range of the eddy core. Black circles show the locations of eddies. The red circle indicates a warm-core eddy and two blue circles indicate cold-core eddies. Cyclonic and anti-cyclonic can be read from the red curving arrows. The green star indicates the location of expendable-bathythermograph （XBT） stations
图 3 不同尺度背景的螺旋涡（引自Yang et al，2022b）
（a） 2003年9月4日在冰岛附近观测到的热带气旋中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）图像（
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone ），图中螺旋状的白云为螺旋雨带；（b） 2020年8月15日Landsat 8卫星采集的波罗的海蓝藻海表图像（https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/717/ ），描绘了瑞典哥特兰岛周围有害藻类的泛滥，显示了海洋涡旋的海表特征Figure 3. Spiral bands of vortex phenomena in different scales （after Yang et al，2022b）
（a） A moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） image （from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone ） of an extratropical cyclone near Iceland observed on 4 September 2003，where spiral white clouds are rain bands；（b） Baltic cyanobacteria from Landsat 8. The image （from https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/717/ ） was collected on 15 August 2020，and depicts surface slicks of the harmful algal bloom around the Swedish island of Gotland
图 4 涡旋的反射地震图像（引自Yang et al，2022b）
（a） L04测线和L09/09B测线，图上方向右箭头表示调查船行进方向，下图中间的空白带是由于地震采集中断而造成，右下角为反射同相轴的参考角度；（b） 涡旋核心深度处（159 m）的ADCP流速矢量（黑色箭头）以及推测的涡旋核心边界（黄色圆圈）和涡旋中心位置（黄点），左下角的标尺指示1 m/s的参考速度。从速度方向推断，L09/09B线采集时的涡旋真实中心（黄点）位于航迹上确定的涡旋中心的西部
Figure 4. Seismic images of the big eddy （after Yang et al，2022）
（a） Line L04 and line L09/09B. The rightward arrow above indicates the vessel direction. The gap in the middle of lower panel is due to the interruption of the seismic acquisition. The reference angles of the reflections are displayed in the lower right corner；（b） Horizontal current velocities （black arrows） at a depth of 159 m （about the core depth） were measured with an ADCP. The arrow in the lower left corner is the reference velocity of 1 m/s. The real center （yellow dot） when line L09/09B acquisition，inferred from the velocity directions，is located in the west of the eddy center in the track. The two yellow circles are the inferred eddy core boundaries
图 5 利用反射地震与水文同步观测资料揭示的北冰洋楚科奇海域涡旋漂亮的旋臂结构（Yang et al，2022b），图中箭头指向涡旋螺旋臂的水平位置
Figure 5. Zooms of seismic images for four regions of the transects shown in Fig. 4 （Yang et al，2022b）. The downward arrows point to the horizontal positions of the eddy’s inferred spiral arms
图 6 内孤立波ISW1-2 （a），ISW2 （b）和ISW5-1 （c）的地震剖面（左）和垂向结构（右）（引自Gong et al，2021a）
Figure 6. The seismic sections （left） and vertical structures （right） of ISW1-2 （a），ISW2 （b）and ISW5-1 （c）（after Gong et al，2021a）
图 7 内孤立波ISW3 （a）和ISW5-2 （b）的地震剖面（左）和垂向结构（右）（引自Gong et al，2021a）
Figure 7. The seismic sections （left panels） and vertical structures （right panels） of ISW3 （a） and ISW5-2 （b） （after Gong et al，2021a）
图 9 测线L1 （a），L2 （b）和L3 （c）中的扩散率
$ {K}_{\rho } $ 剖面（引自Gong et al，2021b）。图中黑色箭头表示抽取扩散率垂直分布曲线的位置Figure 9. The diapycnal diffusivity
$ {K}_{\rho } $ map of survey lines L1 （a），L2 （b） and L3 （c）（after Gong et al，2021b）. The black arrows represent the position of vertical diffusivity profile
图 10 共偏移距道集示意图
（a） 共中心点道集；（b） 从共中心点道集中提取的小偏移距的共偏移距道集；（c） 从共中心点道集中提取的大偏移距的共偏移距道集
Figure 10. A schematic of common offset gathers
（a） Common midpoint gathers；（b） Common offset gathers with a small offset；（c） Common offset gathers with a large offset
图 11 不同偏移距的共偏移距道集（COG）偏移剖面（引自Song et al，2021b）
棕色区域代表海底地形。地震剖面以彩色显示，通过追踪红色同相轴来研究内孤立波波形
Figure 11. COG migrated sections with different offsets （after Song et al，2021b）
For conciseness，only eight sections are shown out of 23 collected. The brown areas represent seafloor topography. Seismic section was displayed in color，and red events are traced to study internal solitary wave waveforms
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