Exploration on the deep tectonic environment of strong earthquakes in North China and relevant research findings
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摘要:
20世纪六七十年代以来， 华北地区发生了一系列强烈地震． 强烈地震的孕育、 发生和发展与深部构造密切相关． 近50年来， 我国地震科学领域在强烈地震的地震构造和深部环境方面开展了大量的研究． 深部地球物理探测和地震层析成像结果揭示了华北地区地壳结构的基本特征， 并在强烈地震发生的深部构造环境等问题上取得了重要进展． 本文在回顾华北地区地壳上地幔结构探测的基础上， 对1966年邢台MS7.2， 1976年唐山MS7.8， 1975年海城MS7.3和1679年三河—平谷M8.0地震的地震构造和深部构造环境进行评述． 深部地球物理数据的综合分析表明， 震源下方的低速异常带， 高角度超壳深断裂， 地壳深浅构造的不一致， 偏低的上地幔顶部速度和局部隆起的莫霍界面， 是华北伸展构造区深部孕震环境的共同特征．
Abstract:In the 1960--1970s,North China has undergone a series of strong earthquakes. The nucleation,development and occurrence mechanisms of strong earthquakes are closely related to the deep structure. For nearly 50 years,Chinese seismologists have carried out a great deal of researches in the fields of seismotectonics and deep environment of strong earthquakes. Deep geophysical survey and seismic tomography imaging revealed the basic characteristics of crustal structures in North China,and significant progresses have been made in the issues of the deep tectonic environment of strong earthquake occurrence. Based on the large-scale exploration of crustal and upper mantle structures in North China,this paper presents a review on the study of the seismotectonics and deep environment of 1966 Xingtai MS7.2,1976 Tangshan MS7.8,1975 Haicheng MS7.3 and 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu M8.0 earthquakes. Deep seismic reflection profilings revealed that there is a high-angle deep fault in the vicinity of focal source,which passes through lower crust to the Moho. The geometry of high-angle deep fault is basically consistent with the seismic fault plane of the focal mechanism solutions,thus it is considered as the seismogenic fault. A new model of the relation between shallow and deep structures is that the shallow listric normal fault and its related tectonic system of active graben and half graben only developed above the detachment in mid-crust,while the high-angle deep active fault or ductility deformation zone developed below. The tectonic model of Xingtai earthquakes has resolved the contradiction between the typical continental extensional tectonic environment and the strike-slip focal mechanism of strong earthquakes in North China. Based on the massive broadband seismic data in North China,seismic tomography shows that most of large earthquakes occurred in the transition between the high-velocity and low-velocity zones. Comprehensive analysis of deep geophysical data reveals that the low-velocity anomaly belt beneath the source,high-angle ultracrustal deep fault,inconsis-tency of the deep and shallow structures in crust,lower-velocity in the uppermost mantle,and local Moho uplift are the seismogenic environment features held in common by strong earthquakes in the extensional tectonic region of North China. The migration and deformation of the mantle material would contribute to the energy accumulation of a large earthquake,which leads to the Tangshan earthquake occurrence. The hypothesis of the "solid body" seismo-genic model extends the ideas to address the seismogenic environment of strong earthquakes. However,despite the deep seismic reflection profiling and the seismic tomography research greatly enriched the knowledge of seismogenic environment in deep,we still face some deep-seated problems which need further research.
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图 1 华北地区大地构造分区(汪一鹏等，1989)
1． 盆地隆起区; 2． 盆地坳陷区; 3． 海域坳陷区; 4． 块体运动方向; 5． 盆地伸展方向; 6． 块体扭动方向; 7． 断层; 8． 地震; 9． 盆地边界
Figure 1. Geologic settings in North China(Wang et al，1989)
1． Basin uplift area; 2． Basin subsidence area; 3． Offshore subsidence area; 4． Block motion direction; 5． Basin extension direction; 6． Block shearing direction; 7． Fault; 8． Earthquake; 9． Basin boundary
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图 2 公元前26年—2001年华北地区中强震(M≥5.0)震中分布图
1. 河北平原地震带; 2. 汾渭地震带; 3. 张家口—渤海地震带； 4. 诸城—郯城地震带． 图中显示了 本文重点涉及的4个地震的震中位置： ① 1966年邢台MS7.2地震； ② 1976年唐山MS7.8地震； ③ 1679年三河—平谷M8地震； ④ 1975年海城MS7.3地震
Figure 2. Epicentral map of medium-strong earthquakes (M≥5.0) in North China from 26 BC to 2001 AD
1. Hebei plain seismic belt; 2. Fen-Wei seismic belt; 3. Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt; 4. Zhucheng- Tancheng seismic belt. Epicentral location: ① 1966 Xingtai MS7.2 earthquake; ② 1976 Tangshan MS7.8 earthquake； ③ 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake; ④ 1975 Haicheng MS7.3 earthquake
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图 3 华北北部深地震测深剖面位置图( Duan et al，2016)
Figure 3. Location of deep seismic sounding profiles in the northern North China(段永红等，2016)
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图 4 海兴—阳原—丰镇DSS剖面二维地壳速度结构(孙武城等，1988)
Ⅰ. 上部地壳； Ⅱ. 中部地壳； Ⅲ. 下部地壳； Ⅳ. 上地幔顶部； M. 莫霍界面． 图中粗线表示地壳界面， 细线表示速度等值线
Figure 4. 2-D crustal structure along Haixing-Yangyuan-Fengzhen DSS profile(Sun et al，1988))
Ⅰ. Upper crust； Ⅱ. Middle crust； Ⅲ. Lower crust； Ⅳ. Uppermost mantle； M. Moho discontinuity. Thick lines denote the crustal interfaces， while thin lines denote the velocity isolines
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图 5 HBCrust1.0地壳模型的康拉德界面(a)和莫霍界面(b)的深度分布图(段永红等，2016)
Figure 5. Depth of Conrad interface(a)and Moho discontinuity(b)from the 3-D crustal model HBCrust1.0(Duan et al,2016)
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图 6 华北平原北缘柏各庄—马兰峪综合二维地球物理剖面图(刘国栋等，1984)
一维速度结构引自刘昌铨和嘉世旭(1986)． 实心圆表示1976年唐山MS7.8地震的震源位置， 斜线部分代表高导层剖面的位置， 虚线表示温度等值线
Figure 6. 2-D comprehensive geophysical section along Baigezhuang-Malanyu profile in the northern margin of North China plain(Liu et al，1984)
1-D velocity structures are referred from Liu and Jia (1986). The solid circle denotes the focal position of the Tangshan MS7.8 earthquake in 1976， oblique lines denote the location of high conductivity layer， and dotted line is the isothermal line
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图 7 华北地区三维P波速度结构(王志铄，2005)
背景为主要断裂分布，主要构造单元见图 1．(a)，(b)，(c)和(d)分别为1，10，25和42 km深度上的P波速度扰动分布，各深度上的参考速度分别为5.83，5.83，6.58，7.82 km/s
Figure 7. Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure in North China(Wang，2005)
Background is the major fault distribution，and the tectonic units are as same as Fig. 1. Figs.(a)，(b)，(c)and(d)show P-wave velocity anomaly at depths of 1，10，25，and 42 km，withreference velocity of 5.83，5.83，6.58，and 7.82 km/s，respectively
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图 8 华北东北部瑞雷波相速度(vR)分布图像(何正勤等，2009)
(a)周期T=10 s的相速度分布，紫线表示山区与盆地的边界带；(b)T=16 s的相速度分布，红色圆点表示MS≥6强震的震中位置，① 太行山山前断裂，② 沧东断裂；(c)T=26 s的相速度分布，AB表示重力梯级带；(d)T=62 s的相速度分布(紫线包围区域内的分辨长度R＜50 km)
Figure 8. Rayleigh wave phase velocity(vR)map in northeastern North China(He et al，2009)
(a)Rayleigh wave phase velocity map at period T=10 s. Purple line denotes the boundary between mountains and basins.(b)Rayleigh wave phase velocity map at T=16 s. Red dots denote earthquake epicenters of MS≥6; ① Taihangshan piedmont fault; ② Cangdong fault.(c)Rayleigh wave phase velocity map at T=26 s； blue dotted line AB denotes the gravity lineament.(d)Rayleigh wave phasevelocity map at T=62 s. Resolution length R is less than 50 km in the area surrounded by purple line
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图 9 邢台地震区深地震反射剖面位置和CDP叠加线描图(引自Wang et al，1997)
(a)区域构造背景以及3条深地震反射剖面和两次大地震(MS6.8和MS7.2)的震中位置． A为宁晋—新河剖面，B为临城—巨鹿剖面，C为任县—宁晋剖面，图中还显示了两次地震的震源机制解；(b)宁晋—新河剖面CDP叠加线描图；(c)临城—巨鹿剖面CDP叠加线描图，A表示中地壳的滑脱构造；(d)任县—宁晋剖面CDP叠加线描图，A表示拱形反射事件，B表示鳄鱼状反射事件． 图(b)和(c)中的粗虚线表示推断的高角度深断裂； 图(b)，(c)和(d)中的圆圈分别表示MS7.2，MS 6.8和MS6.7地震的震源位置
Figure 9. Location and line drawing sections of deep seismic reflection profiles in Xingtai earthquake area(from Wang et al，1997)
(a)Regional tectonic background and location of three deep seismic reflection profiles and epicenters of the earthquakes of MS6.8 and MS7.2. A is Ningjin-Xinhe profile，B is Lincheng-Julu profile，C is Renxian-Ningjin profile，and focal mechanisms of the earthquakes of MS6.8 and MS7.2 are also shown.(b)Line drawing section of Ningjin-Xinhe profile.(c)Line drawing section of Lincheng-Julu profile，where “A” denotes the detachment.(d)Line drawing section of Renxian-Ningjin profile，where “A” is the arcuate reflection events，and “B” is the crocodile reflection events. Thick dotted lines in Figs.(b)and(c)are the inferred high-angle deep fault，and the circles denote the focal locations of earthquake with MS7.2，MS6.8 and MS6.7 in Figs.(b)，(c)and(d)，respectively
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图 10 元氏—济南深地震测深剖面在邢台地震区东汪段的二维速度结构(林真明等，1990)
图中粗线条表示地壳界面，细线条表示速度等值线，虚线表示推断的高角度深断裂
Figure 10. Two-dimensional velocity structure on the Dongwang segment of Xingtai earthquakearea in Yuanshi-Ji’nan DSS profile(Lin et al，1990)
Thick line denotes the crustal interface，while thin line denotes the velocity isoline. Thick dotted line is the inferred high-angle deep fault
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图 11 基于邢台大震区大地电磁阵列剖面反演获得的二维电性结构(邓前辉等，1998)
图中细线表示电阻率等值线，数字表示以10为底的对数值，单位为Ω·m； 实心圆表示MS7.2地震的震源位置，震源下方的虚线表示推断的深断裂
Figure 11. 2-D conductivity structure along EMAP in Xingtai earthquake area(from 邓前辉等，1998)
Thin lines denote the conductivity isolines，and the number denotes value of the base-10 logarithm(unit: Ω·m). The solid circle denotes the focal position of the MS7.2 earthquake，and thedashed line beneath the earthquake source is the inferred high-angle deep fault
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图 12 唐山深地震反射剖面位置以及CDP叠加图
(a)唐山地震区构造背景及深地震反射剖面位置图． 粗线表示深地震反射剖面； 图中显示了唐山地震区发生的3次地震(MS7.8，MS7.1和MS6.7)的震中位置和震源机制解，NE--SW向通过唐山市的黑线和箭头表示唐山MS7.8地震的破裂方向(引自国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震》编辑组，1982)；(b)TS2深反射剖面CDP叠加线描图(修改自陆涵行等，1988)，Fd为推断的深断裂，M为莫霍界面；(c)丰南深反射剖面(FN2011)CDP叠加线描图(刘保金等，2011a)，FS为推断的深断裂，该断裂错断了双程走时为10—11 s的壳幔过渡带
Figure 12. Location of deep seismic reflection profiles in Tangshan earthquake area
(a)Geological setting of Tangshan earthquake area and location of the deep seismic reflection profiles(denoted by thick lines). Epicenters and focal mechanisms of the three earthquakes with MS7.8，MS7.1 and MS6.7 are shown(from Editorial Group of The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake，State Seismological Editorial Group of The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake，State Seismological Bureau，1982).(b)Line drawing section of TS2 CDP stacking profile(modified from Lu et al，1988). Fd is the inferred deep fault，M is Moho discontinuity.(c)Line drawing section of Fengnan CDP stacking profile FN2011(Liu et al，2011a). FS is the inferred deep fault，which dislocated the crust-mantle transition at two-way travel time 10--11 s
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图 13 柏各庄—丰宁—正蓝旗DSS剖面二维地壳速度结构图(刘昌铨，嘉世旭，1986)
粗线表示地壳界面，细线表示速度等值线(单位为km/s)，虚线表示推断的深断裂
Figure 13. 2-D crustal velocity(unit: km/s)structure along Baigezhuang-Fengning-Zhenglanqi DSS profile(Liu，Jia，1986).
Thick line denotes the crustal interface，while thinline denotes the velocity isoline. Dashed line denotes the inferred deep fault
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图 14 通过海城地震区的闾阳—海城—东沟剖面深部地球物理结构(卢造勋等，2001)
(a)4个参量(高程ΔH，航磁异常ΔTa，布格重力异常Δg和大地热流ΔQ)沿剖面的分布；(b)沿该剖面的二维速度结构(单位： km/s)，粗线表示界面，细线表示等值线；(c)电性结构;(d)密度结构(单位： kg/m3)
Figure 14. Deep geophysical structure on the Lüyang-Haicheng-Donggou profile passing through the Haicheng seismic region(卢造勋等，2001)
(a)Variation of four quantities，elevation ΔH，aeromagnetic anomaly ΔTa，Bouguer gravityanomaly Δg，and terrestrial heat flow ΔQ，along the profile.(b)2-D crustal velocity structurealong the profile(unit: km/s). Thick line denotes the crustal interface，while thin line denotes the velocity isoline.(c)Electricity structure.(d)Density structure(unit： kg/m3)
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图 15 三河—平谷M8.0地震区深地震反射剖面
(a)三河—平谷大震区地质背景和深地震探测剖面位置图(刘保金等，2011b).粗实线为24次CDP叠加剖面，细实线为石家庄—喀喇沁旗DSS剖面保定—兴隆段，粗虚线为单次覆盖剖面；(b)单次覆盖反射方法探测剖面(刘保金等，2011b)． F1为陡倾角夏垫断裂，TC和TM分别为地壳中部和壳幔过渡带的反射叠层；(c)SP-1剖面CDP叠加截面线描图(张先康等，2002). F1为新夏垫断裂，Fd为推断的深断裂，圆点表示推测的M8地震的震源位置
Figure 15. Deep seismic reflection profiles in Sanhe-Pinggu M8.0 earthquake area
(a)Geological setting and locations of deep seismic reflection and DSS profiles(from Liu et al，2011b). Thick lines denote 24 fold CDP stacking profile，and thin line denotes Baoding-Xinglong segment of Shijiazhuang-Harqin Qi DSS profile; dashed line denotes single-fold reflection profile;(b)Record section of single-fold reflection profile(Liu et al，2011b). F1 is the high dip-angle Xiadian fault; TC and TM is the laminated layer of reflection events in middle crust and crust-mantle transition，respectively;(c)Line drawing section of CDP stacking profile along SP-1 line(Zhang et al，2002). F1 is the new Xiadian fault，Fd is the inferred deep fault，and the dot denotes the inferred focal location of the earthquake with magnitude of 8
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图 16 石家庄—喀喇沁旗DSS剖面通过三河—平谷M8地震区的二维速度结构(赵金仁等，2004)
粗线表示地壳界面，细线表示速度等值线； C1，C2和C3为壳内界面，M为莫霍界面； 圆点表示推测的M8地震的震源位置； 阴影区为低速异常区； H-06指示该剖面与宁河—北京—涿鹿剖面相交的位置
Figure 16. 2-D crustal structure on the Shijiazhuang-Harqin Qi DSS profile passing through the Sanhe-Pinggu seismic region(Zhao et al，2004)
Thick line denotes the crustal interface，while thin line denotes the velocity isoline. C1，C2 and C3 areintracrustal interfaces，M is Moho discontinuity. Dot denotes the inferred focal location of the earthquake with magnitude of 8. Shadow area is low velocity anomaly zone. H-06 indicatesthe intersecting position of this profile with the Ninghe-Beijing-Zhuolu profile
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