Advanced Search
Zhu A Y，Sun Z H，Jiang C S，Chen S，Zhang D N，Cui G L. 2021. The dynamic mechanical response of the fault under different water injection schedules. Acta Seismologica Sinica，43（6）：730−744. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20210137
Citation: Zhu A Y，Sun Z H，Jiang C S，Chen S，Zhang D N，Cui G L. 2021. The dynamic mechanical response of the fault under different water injection schedules. Acta Seismologica Sinica，43（6）：730−744. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20210137
shu

The dynamic mechanical response of the fault under different water injection schedules

  • 1.

    Institute of Geophysics，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100081，China

  • 2.

    Beijing Baijiatuan Earth Sciences National Observation and Research Station，Beijing 100059，China

  • 3.

    Key laboratory of Ministry of Education on Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines，Shenyang 110819，China

More Information
  • Received Date: August 18, 2021
  • Revised Date: November 04, 2021
  • Available Online: November 22, 2021
  • Published Date: December 30, 2021
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • Water injection used in industry can lead to the activation of existing faults and have induced many destructive earthquakes. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the dynamic response of faults under water injection to explore the mechanism of induced earthquakes. The poroelastic spring-slider model calculates the fault stability under three kinds of classical water injection schedules（ascending, rapidly ascending, descending and intermittent）using poroelastic coupling numerical simulation. The results show that, with the continuous injection of fluid, the pore pressure inside the fault will go through three stages: slow rise, rapid rise, and stable rise. For different water injection schedules, the three stages are not fully reflected, and the forms are different; under the same water injection schedule, the smaller the reservoir permeability is, the greater the pore pressure near the wellhead is, the smaller the pore pressure at fault is, and the greater the difference of pore pressure between the two is; the larger the value is, the easier the earthquake will be induced. The value is negatively correlated with the fluid pressure of injected reservoir fluid but positively correlated with the change rate of fluid pressure; the critical stiffness increases rapidly in the early stage due to the increase of the change rate of pore pressure and decreases in the later stage due to the influence of pore pressure. The rapid rising and falling water injection schedule greatly increase the possibility of inducing earthquake in the early stage of water injection. The intermittent water injection schedule causes a large change of necessary stiffness in the late stage of water injection, which increases the possibility of inducing an earthquake. This study can provide the quantitative scientific basis for the risk assessment of water injection-induced earthquakes and reduce the possibility of water injection-induced earthquakes.
    • FullText(HTML)
    • References (66)
  • 管全中,董大忠,张华玲,孙莎莎,张素荣,郭雯. 2021. 富有机质页岩生物成因石英的类型及其耦合成储机制:以四川盆地上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发,48(4):700–709.
    Guan Q Z,Dong D Z,Zhang H L,Sun S S,Zhang S R,Guo W. 2021. Types of biogenic quartz and its coupling storage mechanism in organic-rich shales:A case study of the upper Ordovician Wufeng formation to lower Silurian Longmaxi formation in the Sichuan basin,SW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,48(4):700–709 (in Chinese).
    洪汉净. 1994. 从地震模拟看匀阻段与大震的关系[J]. 地震地质,16(2):109–114.
    Hong H J. 1994. Seismic simulation:Correlation of resistance-homogeneous fault segment with large earthquakes[J]. Seismology and Geology,16(2):109–114 (in Chinese).
    李大虎,詹艳,丁志峰,高家乙,吴萍萍,孟令媛,孙翔宇,张旭. 2021. 四川长宁MS6.0地震震区上地壳速度结构特征与孕震环境[J]. 地球物理学报,64(1):18–35. doi: 10.6038/cjg2021O0241
    Li D H,Zhan Y,Ding Z F,Gao J Y,Wu P P,Meng L Y,Sun X Y,Zhang X. 2021. Upper crustal velocity and seismogenic environment of the Changning MS6.0 earthquake region in Sichuan,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,64(1):18–35 (in Chinese).
    涂毅敏,陈运泰. 2002. 德国大陆超深钻井注水诱发地震的精确定位[J]. 地震学报,24(6):587–598. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3782.2002.06.004
    Tu Y M,Chen Y T. 2002. The acurate location of the injection-induced microearthquakes in German continental deep drilling program[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,24(6):587–598 (in Chinese).
    薛霆虓,傅容珊,陈宇卫,邵志刚. 2009. 大尺度断层活动性数值模拟及地震学类比[J]. 地球物理学进展,24(5):1616–1626. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2009.05.010
    Xue T X,Fu R S,Chen Y W,Shao Z G. 2009. Numerical simulation of large scale fault activity and it's seismological analogy[J]. Progress in Geophysics,24(5):1616–1626 (in Chinese).
    易桂喜,龙锋,梁明剑,赵敏,王思维,宫悦,乔慧珍,苏金蓉. 2019. 2019年6月17日四川长宁MS6.0地震序列震源机制解与发震构造分析[J]. 地球物理学报,62(9):3432–3447. doi: 10.6038/cjg2019N0297
    Yi G X,Long F,Liang M J,Zhao M,Wang S W,Gong Y,Qiao H Z,Su J R. 2019. Focal mechanism solutions and seismogenic structure of the 17 June 2019 MS6.0 Sichuan Changning earthquake sequence[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,62(9):3432–3447 (in Chinese).
    张致伟,程万正,梁明剑,王晓山,龙锋,许艳,陈文康,王世元. 2012. 四川自贡—隆昌地区注水诱发地震研究[J]. 地球物理学报,55(5):1635–1645. doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.021
    Zhang Z W,Cheng W Z,Liang M J,Wang X S,Long F,Xu Y,Chen W K,Wang S Y. 2012. Study on earthquakes induced by water injection in Zigong-Longchang area,Sichuan[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(5):1635–1645 (in Chinese).
    周仕勇. 2008. 川西及邻近地区地震活动性模拟和断层间相互作用研究[J]. 地球物理学报,51(1):165–174. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.01.021
    Zhou S Y. 2008. Seismicity simulation in western Sichuan of China based on the fault interactions and its implication on the estimation of the regional earthquake risk[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(1):165–174 (in Chinese).
    朱航,何畅. 2014. 注水诱发地震序列的震源机制变化特征:以四川长宁序列为例[J]. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报,39(12):1776–1782.
    Zhu H,He C. 2014. Focal mechanism changing character of earthquake sequence induced by water injection:A case study of Changning sequence,Sichuan Province[J]. Earth Science——Journal of China University of Geosciences,39(12):1776–1782 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.161
    邹才能,董大忠,王玉满,李新景,黄金亮,王淑芳,管全中,张晨晨,王红岩,刘洪林,拜文华,梁峰,吝文,赵群,刘德勋,杨智,梁萍萍,孙莎莎,邱振. 2016. 中国页岩气特征、挑战及前景(二)[J]. 石油勘探与开发,43(2):166–178. doi: 10.11698/PED.2016.02.02
    Zou C N,Dong D Z,Wang Y M,Li X J,Huang J L,Wang S F,Guan Q Z,Zhang C C,Wang H Y,Liu H L,Bai W H,Liang F,Lin W,Zhao Q,Liu D X,Yang Z,Liang P P,Sun S S,Qiu Z. 2016. Shale gas in China:Characteristics,challenges and prospects (Ⅱ)[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,43(2):166–178 (in Chinese).
    邹才能,赵群,董大忠,杨智,邱振,梁峰,王南,黄勇,端安详,张琴,胡志明. 2017. 页岩气基本特征、主要挑战与未来前景[J]. 天然气地球科学,28(12):1781–1796.
    Zou C N,Zhao Q,Dong D Z,Yang Z,Qiu Z,Liang F,Wang N,Huang Y,Duan A X,Zhang Q,Hu Z M. 2017. Geological characteristics,main challenges and future prospect of shale gas[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,28(12):1781–1796 (in Chinese).
    Alghannam M,Juanes R. 2020. Understanding rate effects in injection-induced earthquakes[J]. Nat Commun,11(1):3053. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16860-y
    Andrés S,Santillán D,Mosquera J C,Cueto-Felgueroso L. 2019. Delayed weakening and reactivation of rate-and-state faults driven by pressure changes due to fluid injection[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,124(11):11917–11937. doi: 10.1029/2019JB018109
    Biot M A. 1941. General theory of three-dimensional consolidation[J]. J Appl Phys,12(2):155–164. doi: 10.1063/1.1712886
    Brace W F,Byerlee J D. 1966. Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes[J]. Science,153(3739):990–992. doi: 10.1126/science.153.3739.990
    Cappa F,Scuderi M M,Collettini C,Guglielmi Y,Avouac J P. 2019. Stabilization of fault slip by fluid injection in the laboratory and in situ[J]. Sci Adv,5(3):eaau4065. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4065
    Chang K W,Yoon H,Kim Y,Lee M Y. 2020. Operational and geological controls of coupled poroelastic stressing and pore-pressure accumulation along faults:Induced earthquakes in Pohang,South Korea[J]. Sci Rep,10(1):2073. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58881-z
    Cheng H H,Zhang H,Zhu B J,Sun Y J,Zheng L,Yang S H,Shi Y L. 2012. Finite element investigation of the poroelastic effect on the Xinfengjiang reservoir-triggered earthquake[J]. Sci China Earth Sci,55(12):1942–1952. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4470-8
    Cheng H H,Zhang H,Shi Y L. 2016. High-resolution numerical analysis of the triggering mechanism of ML5.7 Aswan reservoir earthquake through fully coupled poroelastic finite[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,173(5):1593–1605. doi: 10.1007/s00024-015-1200-0
    Cueto-Felgueroso L,Santillán D,Mosquera J C. 2017. Stick-slip dynamics of flow-induced seismicity on rate and state faults[J]. Geophys Res Lett,44(9):4098–4106. doi: 10.1002/2016GL072045
    Dieterich J H. 1992. Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate-and state-dependent strength[J]. Tectonophysics,211(1/4):115–134.
    Dieterich J H,Richards-Dinger K B,Kroll K A. 2015. Modeling injection-induced seismicity with the physics-based earthquake simulator RSQSim[J]. Seismol Res Lett,86(4):1102–1109. doi: 10.1785/0220150057
    Ellsworth W L. 2013. Injection-induced earthquakes[J]. Science,341(6142):1225942. doi: 10.1126/science.1225942
    Frohlich C. 2012. Two-year survey comparing earthquake activity and injection-well locations in the Barnett Shale,Texas[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,109(35):13934–13938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207728109
    Goebel T H W,Walter J I,Murray K,Brodsky E E. 2017. Comment on “How will induced seismicity in Oklahoma respond to decreased saltwater injection rates?” by C. Langenbruch and M. D. Zoback[J]. Sci Adv,3(8):e1700441. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700441
    Goebel T H W,Brodsky E E. 2018. The spatial footprint of injection wells in a global compilation of induced earthquake sequences[J]. Science,361(6405):899–904. doi: 10.1126/science.aat5449
    Goebel T H W,Rosson Z,Brodsky E E,Walter J I. 2019. Aftershock deficiency of induced earthquake sequences during rapid mitigation efforts in Oklahoma[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,522:135–143. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2019.06.036
    Jaeger J C, Cook N G W. 1969. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics[M]. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd: 65–76.
    Jin L,Zoback M D. 2018. Fully dynamic spontaneous rupture due to quasi-static pore pressure and poroelastic effects:An implicit nonlinear computational model of fluid-induced seismic events[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,123(11):9430–9468. doi: 10.1029/2018JB015669
    Keranen K M,Weingarten M,Abers G A,Bekins B A,Ge S. 2014. Sharp increase in central Oklahoma seismicity since 2008 induced by massive wastewater injection[J]. Science,345(6195):448–451. doi: 10.1126/science.1255802
    Keranen K M,Weingarten M. 2018. Induced seismicity[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,46:149–174. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010054
    Langenbruch C,Zoback M D. 2016. How will induced seismicity in Oklahoma respond to decreased saltwater injection rates?[J]. Sci Adv,2(11):e1601542. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1601542
    Lei X L,Wang Z W,Su J R. 2019a. Possible link between long-term and short-term water injections and earthquakes in salt mine and shale gas site in Changning,south Sichuan Basin,China[J]. Earth Planet Phys,3(6):510–525. doi: 10.26464/epp2019052
    Lei X L,Wang Z W,Su J R. 2019b. The December 2018 ML5.7 and January 2019 ML5.3 earthquakes in South Sichuan Basin induced by shale gas hydraulic fracturing[J]. Seismol Res Lett,90(3):1099–1110. doi: 10.1785/0220190029
    Lei X L,Su J R,Wang Z W. 2020. Growing seismicity in the Sichuan Basin and its association with industrial activities[J]. Sci China Earth Sci,63(11):1633–1660. doi: 10.1007/s11430-020-9646-x
    Li T,Sun J B,Bao Y X,Zhan Y,Shen Z K,Xu X W,Lasserre C. 2021. The 2019 MW5.8 Changning,China earthquake:A cascade rupture of fold-accommodation faults induced by fluid injection[J]. Tectonophysics,801:228721. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228721
    Lick W. 1965. The instability of a fluid layer with time-dependent heating[J]. J Fluid Mech,21(3):565–576. doi: 10.1017/S0022112065000332
    Liu J Q,Zahradník J. 2020. The 2019 MW5.7 Changning earthquake,Sichuan Basin,China:A shallow doublet with different faulting styles[J]. Geophys Res Lett,47(4):e2019GL085408.
    Meng L Y,Mcgarr A,Zhou L Q,Zang Y. 2019. An investigation of seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing in the Sichuan Basin of China based on data from a temporary seismic network[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,109(1):348–357. doi: 10.1785/0120180310
    Norbeck J H,Horne R N. 2018. Maximum magnitude of injection-induced earthquakes:A criterion to assess the influence of pressure migration along faults[J]. Tectonophysics,733:108–118. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.028
    Rajesh R,Gupta H K. 2021. Characterization of injection-induced seismicity at north central Oklahoma,USA[J]. J Seismol,25(1):327–337. doi: 10.1007/s10950-020-09978-5
    Rao C V,Arkin A P. 2003. Stochastic chemical kinetics and the quasi-steady-state assumption:Application to the Gillespie algorithm[J]. J Chem Phys,118(11):4999–5010. doi: 10.1063/1.1545446
    Rice J R,Cleary M P. 1976. Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents[J]. Rev Geophys,14(2):227–241. doi: 10.1029/RG014i002p00227
    Robinson J L. 1976. Theoretical analysis of convective instability of a growing horizontal thermal boundary layer[J]. Phys Fluids,19(6):778–791. doi: 10.1063/1.861570
    Rubinstein J L,Ellsworth W L,Dougherty S L. 2018. The 2013-2016 induced earthquakes in harper and Sumner counties,southern Kansas[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,108(2):674–689. doi: 10.1785/0120170209
    Ruina A. 1983. Slip instability and state variable friction laws[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,88(B12):10359–10370. doi: 10.1029/JB088iB12p10359
    Scholz C H. 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 76−87.
    Segall P,Lu S. 2015. Injection-induced seismicity:Poroelastic and earthquake nucleation effects[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,120(7):5082–5103. doi: 10.1002/2015JB012060
    Segel L A,Slemrod M. 1989. The quasi-steady-state assumption:A case study in perturbation[J]. SIAM Rev,31(3):446–477. doi: 10.1137/1031091
    Walter J I,Chang J C,Dotray P J. 2017. Foreshock seismicity suggests gradual differential stress increase in the months prior to the 3 September 2016 MW5.8 Pawnee earthquake[J]. Seismol Res Lett,88(4):1032–1039. doi: 10.1785/0220170007
    Wang H F. 2000. Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 71−95.
    Weingarten M,Ge S,Godt J W,Bekins B A,Rubinstein J L. 2015. High-rate injection is associated with the increase in U. S. mid-continent seismicity[J]. Science,348(6241):1336–1340. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1345
    Xu P,Yu B M. 2008. Developing a new form of permeability and Kozeny–Carman constant for homogeneous porous media by means of fractal geometry[J]. Adv Water Resour,31(1):74–81. doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2007.06.003
    Yeo I W,Brown M R M,Ge S,Lee K K. 2020. Causal mechanism of injection-induced earthquakes through the MW5.5 Pohang earthquake case study[J]. Nat Commun,11(1):2614. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16408-0
    Zhu W Q,Allison K L,Dunham E M,Yang Y Y. 2020. Fault valving and pore pressure evolution in simulations of earthquake sequences and aseismic slip[J]. Nat Commun,11(1):4833. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18598-z
    • Related Articles

Catalog

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML
    Article views (1273) PDF downloads (150) Cited by()
    Turn off MathJax
    Article Contents
    Abstract
    References

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.   

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return