Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/SVG/jax.js
Advanced Search
Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：579−596. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20220051
Citation: Liu J，Xu J，Ou Q，Han L F，Wang Z J，Shao Z G，Zhang P Z，Yao W Q，Wang P. 2023. Discussion on the magnitude overestimation of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica，45（4）：579−596. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20220051
shu

Discussion on the overestimated magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake

  • 1.

    School of Earth System Science，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China

  • 2.

    The Second Monitoring and Application Center，China Earthquake Administration，Xi’an 710054，China

  • 3.

    Department of Earth Sciences，University of Oxford，Oxford OX1 3AN，UK

  • 4.

    Institute of Earthquake Forecasting，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100036，China

  • 5.

    School of Earth Science and Engineering，Sun Yat-Sen University，Guangdong Zhuhai 519080，China

  • 6.

    Institute of Geology，China Earthquake Administration，Beijing 100029，China

More Information
  • Received Date: April 08, 2022
  • Revised Date: November 13, 2022
  • Available Online: March 08, 2023
  • Published Date: July 14, 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract
  • The great 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, resulting in tremendous casualties, ranks as one of the largest and most devastating earthquakes in China. This significant event marks the start of investigating earthquakes through modern scientific approaches in China. Recent studies show that the moment magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is MW（7.9±0.2）, prominently smaller than the widely known and often cited magnitude M81/2. This paper reviews the re-calibration and conversion of different types of magnitude in the early developing phase of seismometers and analogue seismographs. Similar to the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, the magnitude of many large shallow earthquakes that occurred in this period are systematically overestimated due to factors such as developing technology, sparse instrumentation and data, and diverse calibration functions. The moment magnitude, linked to physical parameters of earthquake rupture, is the best magnitude scale. For magnitude is the most commonly used parameter in describing an earthquake’s size and energy and is an essential factor in seismic hazard assessment, bias and errors in magnitude conversion have significant consequences in understanding the spatio-temporal pattern of historical seismicity and the reliability of various products of seismic potential and hazard evaluation. We thus advocate citing revised moment magnitude MW（7.9±0.2） for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in future studies and re-evaluating the magnitude of historical earthquakes in general. With a revised magnitude, the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is similar in size to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （MW7.9, MS8.0） and the 2001 Kunlun earthquake （MW7.8, MS8.1）.
    • FullText(HTML)
    • References (125)
  • 邓起东. 2011. 在科学研究的实践中学习和进步:纪念海原大地震90周年,为地震预测和防震减灾事业而努力[J]. 地震地质,33(1):1–14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.01.001
    Deng Q D. 2011. Learning and progress through scientific practices:Commemorating the 90th anniversary of the tragic Haiyuan earthquake,striving to advance our abilities of earthquake prediction and seismic hazard reduction[J]. Seismology and Geology,33(1):1–14 (in Chinese).
    段虎荣,周仕勇,李闰. 2018. 基于地震活动性资料估计海原断裂倾角[J]. 地球物理学报,61(9):3713–3721.
    Duan H R,Zhou S Y,Li R. 2018. Estimation of dip angle of Haiyuan faults based on seismic data[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,61(9):3713–3721.
    顾功叙, 林庭煌, 时振梁, 武宦英, 李群, 卢寿德, 杨玉林, 陈海通, 汪素云. 1983. 中国地震目录[M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 1–872.
    Gu G X, Lin T H, Shi Z L, Wu H Y, Li Q, Lu S D, Yang Y L, Chen H T, Wang S Y. 1983. Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes, 1831 BC−1969 AD [M]. Beijing: Science Press: 1–872 （in Chinese）.
    国家地震局地质研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震局. 1989. 海原活动断裂带地质图（1∶50000）[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1–6.
    Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau, Seimological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1989. Geological Map of Haiyuan Fault Zone （1∶50000）[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1–6 （in Chinese）.
    国家地震局地质研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震局. 1990. 海原活动断裂带[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1–286.
    Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau, Seimological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1990. Haiyuan Active Fault Zone[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1–286 （in Chinese）.
    国家地震局兰州地震研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震队. 1980. 一九二〇年海原大地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1–134.
    Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Earthquake Team of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1980. The Haiyuan Earthquake on 1920[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1–134 （in Chinese）.
    国家地震局震害防御司. 1995. 中国历史强震目录: 公元前23世纪—公元1911年[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1–850.
    Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, State Seismological Bureau. 1995. Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1–850 （in Chinese）.
    何文贵,刘百篪,袁道阳,杨明. 2000. 冷龙岭活动断裂的滑动速率研究[J]. 西北地震学报,22(1):90–97.
    He W G,Liu B C,Yuan D Y,Yang M. 2000. Research on slip rates of the Lenglongling active fault zone[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,22(1):90–97 (in Chinese).
    刘百篪,张俊玲,吴建华,郭华. 2003. 1920年12月16日海原8.5级大地震的伤亡人口再评估[J]. 中国地震,19(4):386–399.
    Liu B C,Zhang J L,Wu J H,Guo H. 2003. Re-evaluating on casualty in the Haiyuan MS8.5 earthquake on December 16,1920[J]. Earthquake Research in China,19(4):386–399 (in Chinese).
    刘金瑞,任治坤,张会平,李传友,张竹琪,郑文俊,李雪梅,刘彩彩. 2018. 海原断裂带老虎山段晚第四纪滑动速率精确厘定与讨论[J]. 地球物理学报,61(4):1281–1297. doi: 10.6038/cjg2018L0364
    Liu J R,Ren Z K,Zhang H P,Li C Y,Zhang Z Q,Zheng W J,Li X M,Liu C C. 2018. Late Quaternary slip rate of the Laohushan fault within the Haiyuan fault zone and its tectonic implications[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,61(4):1281–1297 (in Chinese).
    刘静,徐锡伟,李岩峰,冉勇康. 2007. 以海原断裂甘肃老虎山段为例浅析走滑断裂古地震记录的完整性:兼论古地震研究中的若干问题[J]. 地质通报,26(6):650–660. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2007.06.004
    Liu J,Xu X W,Li Y F,Ran Y K. 2007. On the completeness of paleoseismic records of strike-slip faults:An example from the Laohushan segment of the Haiyuan fault in Gansu,China,with a discussion of several problems in the paleoearthquake study[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,26(6):650–660 (in Chinese).
    刘静,陈涛,张培震,张会平,郑文俊,任治坤,梁诗明,盛传贞,甘卫军. 2013. 机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J]. 科学通报,58(1):41–45.
    Liu J,Chen T,Zhang P Z,Zhang H P,Zheng W J,Ren Z K,Liang S M,Sheng C Z,Gan W J. 2013. Illuminating the active Haiyuan fault,China by Airborne Light Detection and Ranging[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,58(1):41–45 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/972012-1526
    刘静,袁兆德,徐岳仁,邵延秀,王鹏,徐晶,林舟,韩龙飞. 2021. 古地震学:活动断裂强震复发规律的研究[J]. 地学前缘,28(2):211–231.
    Liu J,Yuan Z D,Xu Y R,Shao Y X,Wang P,Xu J,Lin Z,Han L F. 2021. Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,28(2):211–231 (in Chinese).
    刘瑞丰,陈运泰,Bormann P,任枭,侯建民,邹立晔,杨辉. 2006. 中国地震台网与美国地震台网测定震级的对比( Ⅱ ):面波震级[J]. 地震学报,19(1):1–7.
    Liu R,Chen Y,Bormann P,Ren X,Hou J M,Zou L Y,Yang H. 2006. Comparison between earthquake magnitudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network ( Ⅱ ):Surface wave magnitude[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,19(1):1–7.
    刘瑞丰, 陈运泰, 任枭, 徐志国, 王晓欣, 邹立晔, 张立文. 2015. 震级的测定[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1–154.
    Liu R F, Chen Y T, Ren X, Xu Z G, Wang X X, Zou L Y, Zhang L W. 2015. Determination of Magnitude[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press: 1–154 （in Chinese）.
    冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东,焦德成,闵伟. 1997. 海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究[J]. 地震地质,19(2):97–107.
    Ran Y K,Duan R T,Deng Q D,Jiao D C,Min W. 1997. 3D trench excavation and paleoseismology at Gaowanzi of the Haiyuan fault[J]. Seismology and Geology,19(2):97–107 (in Chinese).
    邵延秀,刘静,Klinger Y,谢克家,袁道阳,雷中生. 2016. 海原断裂干盐池探槽揭示非特征性古地震序列[J]. 地质通报,35(5):711–726.
    Shao Y X,Liu J,Klinger Y,Xie K J,Yuan D Y,Lei Z S. 2016. Research on various magnitudes of paleoearthquakes:A case study of non-characteristic earthquakes from the Salt Lake site of Haiyuan fault[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,35(5):711–726 (in Chinese).
    王烈. 1921. 调查甘肃地震之报告[N]. 晨报. 6月23日.
    Wang L. 1921. Report on investigation of the Gansu earthquake[N]. Morning Post. June 23 （in Chinese）.
    王子君, 姚文倩, 刘静, 邵延秀, 王文鑫, 沈续文, 高云鹏, 徐晶. 2023. 利用构造地貌方法限定走滑断裂第四纪滑动速率的不确定性及意义: 以海原断裂带为例[J]. 地球科学（待刊）.
    Wang Z J, Yao W Q, Liu J, Shao Y X, Wang W X, Shen X W, Gao Y P, Xu J. 2023. Application of tectonic geomorphology method for constraining the slip rate uncertainty and implication of strike-slip faults: An example from the Haiyuan fault zone[J]. Journal of Earth Science （in press） （in Chinese）.
    翁文灏. 1922. 民国九年十二月十六日甘肃的地震[J]. 科学,7:105–114.
    Weng W H. 1922. The 1920-12-16 earthquake in Gansu Province[J]. Science,7:105–144 (in Chinese).
    谢家荣. 1922. 民国九年十二月十六日甘肃及其它各省地震之情形[J]. 地学杂志,8-9:1–22.
    Xie J R. 1922. Circumstances of the earthquake in Gansu and other provinces on December 16,1922[J]. Journal of Geosciences,8-9:1–22 (in Chinese).
    谢毓寿, 蔡美彪. 1986. 中国地震历史资料汇编, 第四卷（下）[M]. 北京: 科学出版社: 1–258.
    Xie Y S, Cai M B. 1986. Compilation of Historical Seismic Data in China, Volume 4 （ Ⅱ ）[M]. Beijing: Science Press: 1–258 （in Chinese）.
    袁道阳,刘百篪,吕太乙,何文贵,刘小凤. 1997. 利用黄土剖面的古土壤年龄研究毛毛山断裂的滑动速率[J]. 地震地质,19(1):1–8.
    Yuan D Y,Liu B C,Lü T Y,He W G,Liu X F. 1997. Slip rates of the Maomaoshan fault zone in Gansu Province obtainted by using ages of loess paleosoil sequence[J]. Seismology and Geology,19(1):1–8 (in Chinese).
    袁道阳,刘百篪,吕太乙,何文贵,刘小凤,甘卫军. 1998. 北祁连山东段活动断裂带的分段性研究[J]. 西北地震学报,20(4):27–34.
    Yuan D Y,Liu B C,Lü T Y,He W G,Liu X F,Gan W J. 1998. Study on the segmentation in east segment of the northern Qilianshan fault zone[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,20(4):27–34 (in Chinese).
    张四昌,刘百篪. 1978. 1970年通海地震的地震地质特征[J]. 地质科学,(4):323–335.
    Zhang S C,Liu B C. 1978. Seismic geological characteristics of Tonghai earthquake in 1970[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica,(4):323–335 (in Chinese).
    Abe K. 1981. Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,27(1):72–92. doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90088-1
    Abe K. 1984. Complements to “Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980”[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,34(1/2):17–23. doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(84)90081-5
    Abe K,Kanamori H. 1980. Magnitudes of great shallow earthquakes from 1953 to 1977[J]. Tectonophysics,62(3/4):191–203.
    Abe K,Noguchi S. 1983. Revision of magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes,1897−1912[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,33(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(83)90002-X
    Bent A L. 2011. Moment magnitude (MW) conversion relations for use in hazard assessment in eastern Canada[J]. Seismol Res Lett,82(6):984–990. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.984
    Bormann P,Liu R,Ren X,Gutdeutsch R,Kaiser D,Castellaro S. 2007. Chinese national network magnitudes,their relation to NEIC magnitudes,and recommendations for new IASPEI magnitude standards[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(1B):114–127. doi: 10.1785/0120060078
    Bormann P,Saul J. 2008. The new IASPEI standard broadband magnitude mB[J]. Seismol Res Lett,79(5):698–705. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.79.5.698
    Bormann P. 2012. Magnitude calibration formulas and tables, comments on their use and complementary data[G]//New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 （NMSOP-2）. Potsdam: Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ: 1−19. https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_DS_3.1.
    Burchfiel B C,Zhang P Z,Wang Y P,Zhang W Q,Song F M,Deng Q D,Molnar P,Royden L. 1991. Geology of the Haiyuan fault zone,Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China,and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonics,10(6):1091–1110. doi: 10.1029/90TC02685
    Cavalié O,Lasserre C,Doin M P,Peltzer G,Sun J,Xu X,Shen Z K. 2008. Measurement of interseismic strain across the Haiyuan fault (Gansu,China),by InSAR[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,275(3/4):246–257.
    Chen R,Petersen M D. 2011. Probabilistic fault displacement hazards for the southern San Andreas fault using scenarios and empirical slips[J]. Earthq Spectra,27(2):293–313. doi: 10.1193/1.3574226
    Chen W P,Molnar P. 1977. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia[J]. J Geophys Res,82(20):2945–2969. doi: 10.1029/JB082i020p02945
    Cheng J,Rong Y F,Magistrale H,Chen G H,Xu X W. 2017. An MW-based historical earthquake catalog for Mainland China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,107(5):2490–2500. doi: 10.1785/0120170102
    Close U,McCormick E. 1922. Where the mountains walked[J]. Natl Geograph Magaz,12(5):445–464.
    Daout S,Jolivet R,Lasserre C,Doin M P,Barbot S,Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Socquet A,Sun J. 2016. Along-strike variations of the partitioning of convergence across the Haiyuan fault system detected by InSAR[J]. Geophys J Int,205(1):536–547. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggw028
    Deng Q D,Sung F M,Zhu S L,Li M L,Wang T L,Zhang W Q,Burchfiel B C,Molnar P,Zhang P Z. 1984. Active faulting and tectonics of the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,89(B6):4427–4445. doi: 10.1029/JB089iB06p04427
    Deng Q D, Chen S F, Song F M, Zhu S L, Wang Y P, Zhang W Q, Jiao D C, Burchfiel B C, Molnar P, Royden L, Zhang P Z. 1986. Variations in the geometry and amount of slip on the Haiyuan （Nanxihaushan） fault zone, China and the surface rupture of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake[C]//Earthquake Source Mechanics. Washington: American Geophysical Union, 37: 169–182.
    Di Giacomo D. 2020. ISC‐GEM solution for the Haiyuan earthquake of 16 December 1920[DB/OL]. ISC Seismological Dataset Repository. [2022-01-19]. https://doi.org/10.31905/8IZMESGK.
    Feng X, Ma J, Zhou Y, England P, Parsons B, Rizza M A, Walker R T. 2020. Geomorphology and paleoseismology of the Weinan fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the source of the 1556 Huaxian earthquake[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 125（12）: e2019JB017848.
    Gan W J, Zhang P Z, Shen Z K, Niu Z J, Wang M, Wan Y G, Zhou D M, Cheng J. 2007. Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 112（B8）: B08416.
    Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Meyer B,Peltzer G,Guo S M,Chen Z T,Dai H G,Cifuentes I. 1995. Partitioning of crustal slip between linked,active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan,and evidence for a major seismic gap,the ‘Tianzhu gap’,on the western Haiyuan fault,Gansu (China)[J]. Geophys J Int,120(3):599–645. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb01842.x
    Guo P,Han Z J,Gao F,Zhu C H,Gai H L. 2020. A new tectonic model for the 1927 M8.0 Gulang earthquake on the NE Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonics,39(9):e2020TC006064.
    Gutenberg B. 1945a. Amplitudes of surface waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,35(1):3–12. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0350010003
    Gutenberg B. 1945b. Amplitudes of P,PP,and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,35(2):57–69. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0350020057
    Gutenberg B, Richter C F. 1941. Seismicity of the Earth （Special Papers, Number 34）[M]. New York: Geological Society of America.
    Gutenberg B, Richter C F. 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and Related Phenomena[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    Gutenberg B,Richter C F. 1956. Earthquake magnitude[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,46(2):105–145. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0460020105
    Han L F,Liu-Zeng J,Yao W Q,Shao Y X,Yuan Z D,Wang Y. 2021. Coseismic slip gradient at the western terminus of the 1920 Haiyuan MW7.9 earthquake[J]. J Struct Geol,152:104442. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104442
    Hanks T C,Kanamori H. 1979. A moment magnitude scale[J]. J Geophys Res,84:2348–2350. doi: 10.31905/D808B830
    International Seismological Centre. 2013. ISC-GEM earthquake catalogue[DB/OL]. [2022−01−19]. http://doi.org/10.31905/D808B825.
    International Seismological Centre. 2014. On-line bulletin[DB/OL]. [2022−01−19]. https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830.
    Jiang W L,Han Z J,Guo P,Zhang J F,Jiao Q S,Kang S,Tian Y F. 2017. Slip rate and recurrence intervals of the east Lenglongling fault constrained by morphotectonics:Tectonic implications for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Lithosphere,9(3):417–430. doi: 10.1130/L597.1
    Kanamori H. 1977. The energy release in great earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res,82(20):2981–2987. doi: 10.1029/JB082i020p02981
    Kárník V,Kondorskaya N V,Riznitchenko Ju V,Savarensky E F,Soloviev S L,Shebalin N V,Vanek J,Zátopek A. 1962. Standardization of- magnitude scales[J]. Stud Geophys Geod,6:41–48. doi: 10.1007/BF02590040
    Klinger Y. 2010. Relation between continental strike-slip earthquake segmentation and thickness of the crust[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 115（B7）: B07306.
    Lasserre C, Morel P H, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Ryerson F J, King G C P, Métivier F, Kasser M, Kashgarian M, Liu B C, Lu T Y, Yuan D Y. 1999. Postglacial left slip rate and past occurrence of M≥8 earthquakes on the western Haiyuan fault, Gansu, China[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 104（B8）: 17633-17651.
    Lasserre C, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Mériaux A S, van der Woerd J, Yuan D Y, Ryerson F J, Finkel R C, Caffee M W. 2002. Fast late Pleistocene slip rate on the Leng Long Ling segment of the Haiyuan fault, Qinghai, China[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 107（B11）: 2276.
    Li C Y,Zhang P Z,Yin J H,Min W. 2009. Late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate of the Haiyuan fault,northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonics,28(5):TC5010.
    Lin Z,Liu-Zeng J,Weldon R J,Tian J,Ding C,Du Y. 2020. Modeling repeated coseismic slip to identify and characterize individual earthquakes from geomorphic offsets on strike-slip faults[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,545:116313. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2020.116313
    Liu-Zeng J,Klinger Y,Xu X,Lasserre C,Chen G H,Chen W B,Tapponnier P,Zhang B. 2007. Millennial recurrence of large earthquakes on the Haiyuan fault near Songshan,Gansu Province,China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(1B):14–34. doi: 10.1785/0120050118
    Liu-Zeng J, Shao Y X, Klinger Y, Xie K J, Yuan D Y, Lei Z S. 2015. Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan fault, China[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 120（12）: 8304-8333.
    Matrau R,Klinger Y,van der Woerd J,Liu-Zeng J,Li Z,Xu X,Zheng R. 2019. Late Pleistocene-Holocene slip rate along the Hasi Shan restraining bend of the Haiyuan fault:Implication for faulting dynamics of a complex fault system[J]. Tectonics,38(12):4127–4154. doi: 10.1029/2019TC005488
    Middleton T A, Walker R T, Parsons B, Lei Q Y, Zhou Y, Ren Z K. 2016. A major, intraplate, normal-faulting earthquake: The 1739 Yinchuan event in northern China[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 121（1）: 293-320.
    Molnar P,Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision:Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision[J]. Science,189(4201):419–426. doi: 10.1126/science.189.4201.419
    Nishenko S P,Buland R. 1987. A generic recurrence interval distribution for earthquake forecasting[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,77(4):1382–1399.
    Okal E A. 2015. Historical seismograms:Preserving an endangered species[J]. Geo Res J,6:53–64. doi: 10.1016/j.grj.2015.01.007
    Ou Q, Kulikova G, Yu J, Elliott A, Parsons B, Walker R. 2020. Magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake reestimated using seismological and geomorphological methods[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 125（8）: e2019JB019244.
    Pacheco J F,Sykes L R. 1992. Seismic moment catalog of large shallow earthquakes,1900 to 1989[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,82(3):1306–1349. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0820031306
    Ren Z K,Zhang Z Q,Chen T,Yan S L,Yin J H,Zhang P Z,Zheng W J,Zhang H P,Li C Y. 2016. Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes[J]. Geol Soc Am Bull,128(1/2):3–18.
    Richter C F. 1958. Elementary Seismology[M]. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company: 768.
    Shao Y X,Liu-Zeng J,van der Woerd J,Klinger Y,Oskin M E,Zhang J Y,Wang P,Wang P T,Wang W,Yao W Q. 2021. Late Pleistocene slip rate of the central Haiyuan fault constrained from optically stimulated luminescence,14C,and cosmogenic isotope dating and high-resolution topography[J]. Geol Soc Am Bull,133(7/8):1347–1369.
    Shao Z G,Xu J,Ma H S,Zhang L P. 2016. Coulomb stress evolution over the past 200 years and seismic hazard along the Xianshuihe fault zone of Sichuan,China[J]. Tectonophysics,670:48–65. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.12.018
    Thatcher W, Lisowski M. 1987. Long‐term seismic potential of the San Andreas fault southeast of San Francisco, California[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 92（B6）: 4771−4784.
    Thatcher W, Marshall G, Lisowski M. 1997. Resolution of fault slip along the 470-km-long rupture of the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake and its implications[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 102（B3）: 5353−5367.
    Utsu T. 1979. Seismicity of Japan from 1885 through 1925:A new catalog of earthquakes of M≥6 Felt in Japan and smaller earthquakes which caused damage in Japan[J]. Bull Earthq Res Inst,54(2):253–308.
    Wald D J,Kanamori H,Helmberger D V,Heaton T H. 1993. Source study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,83(4):981–1019. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0830040981
    Wang J. 2020. Conservation and utilization of historical seismograms from early stage (AD 1904−1948),Mainland China[J]. Seismol Res Lett,91(3):1394–1402. doi: 10.1785/0220190268
    Wells D L,Coppersmith K J. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,84(4):974–1002.
    Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities. 1988. Probabilities of Large Earthquakes Occurring in California on the San Andreas Fault[R]. San Francisco: US Geological Survey: 88–398.
    Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities. 1990. Probabilities of Large Earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Region, California[R]. San Francisco: US Geological Survey: 811–814.
    Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities. 1995. Seismic hazards in southern California:Probable earthquakes,1994 to 2024[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,85(2):379–439.
    Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities. 1999. Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region: 2000 to 2030: A Summary of Findings[R]. Reston: US Geological Survey: 1–60.
    Xiong X,Shan B,Zhou Y M,Wei S J,Li Y D,Wang R J,Zheng Y. 2017. Coulomb stress transfer and accumulation on the Sagaing fault,Myanmar,over the past 110 years and its implications for seismic hazard[J]. Geophys Res Lett,44(10):4781–4789. doi: 10.1002/2017GL072770
    Xu J,Liu‐Zeng J,Yuan Z D,Yao W Q,Zhang J Y,Ji L Y,Shao Z G,Han L F,Wang Z J. 2022. Airborne LiDAR-based mapping of surface ruptures and coseismic slip of the 1955 Zheduotang earthquake on the Xianshuihe fault,east Tibet[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,112(6):3102–3120. doi: 10.1785/0120220012
    Xu X R,Zhang Z G,Hu F,Chen X F. 2019. Dynamic rupture simulations of the 1920 MS8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,109(5):2009–2020. doi: 10.1785/0120190061
    Xu Y R, He H L, Deng Q D, Allen M B, Sun H Y, Bi L S. 2018. The CE 1303 Hongdong earthquake and the Huoshan piedmont fault, Shanxi graben: Implications for magnitude limits of normal fault earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 123（4）: 3098−3121.
    Xu Y R,Liu-Zeng J,Allen M B,Zhang W H,Du P. 2021. Landslides of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake,northern China[J]. Landslides,18(3):935–953. doi: 10.1007/s10346-020-01512-5
    Yao W Q, Liu-Zeng J, Oskin M E, Wang W, Li Z F, Prush V, Zhang J Y, Shao Y X, Yuan Z D, Klinger Y. 2019. Reevaluation of the Late Pleistocene slip rate of the Haiyuan fault near Songshan, Gansu Province, China[J]. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 124（5）: 5217−5240.
    Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Burchfiel B C,Royden L,Wang Y P,Deng Q D,Song F M,Zhang W Q,Jiao D C. 1988a. Bounds on the Holocene slip rate of the Haiyuan fault,north-central China[J]. Quat Res,30(2):151–164. doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(88)90020-8
    Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Zhang W Q,Deng Q D,Wang Y P,Burchfiel B C,Song F M,Royden L,Jiao D C. 1988b. Bounds on the average recurrence interval of major earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault in north-central China[J]. Seismol Res Lett,59(3):81–89. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.59.3.81
    Zhang P Z,Yang Z X,Gupta H K,Bhatia S C,Shedlock K M. 1999. Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in continental Asia[J]. Annali Geofis,42(6):1167–1190.
    Zhang P Z, Min W, Deng Q D, Mao F Y. 2003. Paleoearthquake rupture behavior and recurrence of great earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault, northwestern China[J]. Science in China: Series, 48（3）: 364−375.
    Zhang W Q,Jiao D C,Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Burchfiel B C,Deng Q D,Wang Y P,Song F M. 1987. Displacement along the Haiyuan fault associated with the great 1920 Haiyuan,China,earthquake[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,77(1):117–131.
    Zheng G,Wang H,Wright T J,Lou Y D,Zhang R,Zhang W X,Shi C,Huang J F,Wei N. 2017. Crustal deformation in the India-Eurasia collision zone from 25 years of GPS measurements[J]. J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,122(11):9290–9312.
    Zhou H L,Allen C R,Kanamori H. 1983. Rupture complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo earthquakes,China,from P-wave inversion,and relationship to surface faulting[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,73(6A):1585–1597. doi: 10.1785/BSSA07306A1585
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    Cheng Dong, Zhang Yongzhi, Wang Xiaohang, Han Ming. 2019: Coseismic deformation and fault slip inversion of the 2017 MW7.3 Halabjah, Iraq, earthquake based on Sentinel-1A data. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 41(4): 484-493. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180113
    Li Zan, Liu Ruifeng, Kong Handong, Wang Zibo, Yuan Nairong. 2019: Energy magnitude determination of moderate-strong earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 41(3): 289-301. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20180139
    Liu Ruifeng, Zou Liye, Zhang Liwen. 2018: Determination of the surface-wave magnitude of the Wenchuan earthquake and its seismic Doppler effect. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 40(3): 364-373. DOI: 10.11939/jass.20170212
    Wei Guichun, Yao Yunsheng, Zhang Lifen, Shen Xuelin. 2017: Influences of azimuth on the local earthquake magnitude measurement. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 39(6): 880-890. DOI: 10.11939/jass.2017.06.006
    Jin Mingpei, Li Zhenling, Wang Rongjiang. 2017: Coseismic displacement field and slip model derived from near-source strong motion records of MW7.0 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 39(6): 819-830. DOI: 10.11939/jass.2017.06.001
    Chen Zhongtian, Guo Xing, Pan Hua, Li Jinchen. 2016: The magnitude distribution law of characteristic earthquakes in Chinese mainland. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 38(6): 898-905. DOI: 10.11939/jass.2016.06.009
    Sun Yintao, Xu Guodong, Long Haiyun, Xu Lihong. 2016: Relationship between magnitude and rupture length. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 38(5): 803-806.
    Wang Yongzhe. 2015: Coseismic slip distribution of the 2011 Tohoku MW9.0 earthquake inferred from GPS and InSAR data. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 37(5): 796-805. DOI: 10.11939/jass.2015.05.008
    Qian Xiaoshi, Wang Fuchang, Sheng Shuzhong. 2013: Characterization of tail distribution of earthquake magnitudes via generalized Pareto distribution. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 35(3): 341-350. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2013.03.006
    1990: PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISPLACEMENT AND THE RUPTURED STATE OF THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 12(3): 235-241.

  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(3)

    1. 申中寅，吴庆举. 卷积神经网络在远-近地震震相拾取中的应用及模型解释. 地震学报. 2022(06): 961-979 . 本站查看
    2. 廖诗荣，张红才，范莉苹，李珀任，黄玲珠，房立华，秦敏. 实时智能地震处理系统研发及其在2021年云南漾濞M_S6.4地震中的应用. 地球物理学报. 2021(10): 3632-3645 .
    3. Ziye Yu，Risheng Chu，Weitao Wang，Minhan Sheng. CRPN: A cascaded classification and regression DNN framework for seismic phase picking. Earthquake Science. 2020(02): 53-61 .

    Other cited types(2)

Catalog

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML
    Article views (772) PDF downloads (210) Cited by(5)
    Turn off MathJax
    Article Contents
    Abstract
    References
    Related Articles

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.   

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return